A field of cacti (ICARDA)

Cactus Fruit Plantation in Arid Dry Lands (约旦)

描述

This technology is based on the natural advantages and the multi-purpose usage of spineless cactus pear (Opuntia fiscus-indica), to cultivate marginal lands in Jordan, generating environmental and socio-economic benefits.

In the arid parts of Jordan with limited rainfall, little irrigation, high water evaporation, poor soil quality and unsustainable land management result in land degradation (erosion and salinization) and productivity loss. Therefore, the International Center Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and National Agricultural Research Centre of Jordan (NARC) organized field days (started in 2014) to disseminate knowledge regarding the cultivation of the cactus pear, Opuntia ficus-indica, cactus crop. Cacti can cope with high temperatures and grow well in (semi)-arid areas with 250-600mm annual rainfall or where irrigation is available. Additionally, the plant is very resilient as it can withstand a long dry season due to its high water-content and water-use -efficiency, which are a result of its morphology (waxy cuticle, no actual leaves) and the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). In CAM plant, stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect and fix carbon dioxide (CO2). In general, cacti have multiple products that benefit local livelihoods, these are for example stable production of fodder for livestock and fruits for human consumption. Also, cactus can grow and produce requiring few inputs such as fertilizers, therefore marginal lands are well suited for cactus cultivation.

The market for cactus fruits is very promising in Jordan. Nowadays, there is high demand for cactus fruits as people grow fond of the fruits but also for medicinal uses. This documentation is focused on a farm covering roughly 10 hectares, where cactus was planted due to its socio-economic and environmental advantages i.e. the high prices for cactus fruits and the ability of cactus to grow in marginal lands with little input and cover the soil hence preventing soil erosion. However, the farm is not located ideally for cactus cultivation. Therefore, the farm is currently intensively managed in terms of fertilizer application and the irrigation. The previous land use was poor cultivation of barley to feed (grazing) sheep and goats. This led to little soil cover resulting in land degradation in the form of erosion. The farmer paid for the establishment of the cactus-plantation. The cacti are spaced by 4 meters between plants and 3 meters between rows. This spacing is specific for fruit production, in case of fodder production a higher crop density is recommended. The cacti are planted on the contours in pits (40 centimetres depth and diameter) to ensure rain-water collection and efficient fertilizer application as the farm is situated on a 15% slope. The cacti reduce erosion as the roots hold the soil together. Field preparation for the establishment of the cactus field includes: (1) soil scrapping; (2) deep soil ploughing; (3) surface soil ploughing; and (4) pit digging. No fertilizer was applied in the establishment stage. Recurrent activities and costs are weeding, applying fertilizer and organic manure, maintaining the pits and harvesting. 200 kilograms per hectare of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) is applied between March and May. A total of 4 tons per hectare of organic manure is applied in September-November. These activities are non-mechanized, and therefore labour intensive.

The farm receives less than 200mm of annual rainfall and a public dam for irrigation is available. Therefore, the farmer invests in three water tanks to store water brought from the dam using his own truck, and in a drip irrigation system for high irrigation efficiency. The farm is irrigated by 360 cubic meter per month, divided in three events. The costs per cubic meter is 0.95 Jordanian Dinar (JOD) (including transportation costs). Before the realization of the drip irrigation system, the cacti were watered by hand (19991-2015). During the initial three years, cacti produce no fruits making the short-term return on investment rather negative. Currently, the cactus-plantation produces 32.5 ton/ha, equivalent to 65 kg /plant. The average net income per hectare varies between 1650 JOD to 2750 JOD. This makes the farmer relatively medium- wealthy with respect to the area. Most costs are induced by labour as the farmer uses manual weeding, harvesting and fertilizer application.

Even though the cultivation of cacti for its fruits on marginal lands has many benefits like the reduction in erosion, stable production, high output/input efficiency and good prices. There are some weaknesses, for example the relative young market of cactus products in Jordan compared to Tunisia. The Tunisian market for cactus products has a longer history, a high demand for other cactus-products like oil and juice and a better infrastructure (e.g. processing units) exist. These create more consistent prices for farmers, so less price drops during harvesting periods. Another weak point is the fact that cacti are cultivated in mono-culture. This significantly increases the risk of new pests and potential damage of the cultivated crop.

To conclude, this documentation shows that even though the selected farm does not represent an ideal site for cactus pear cultivation, the implementation of cacti is socio-economically and environmentally appropriate to cultivate dry marginal lands as cacti uses water and nutrients highly efficient while reducing land degradation. Therefore, the out-scaling of cacti is very valuable and a practical option to fight land degradation and enhance smallholder’s income.

地点

地点: 约旦

分析的技术场所数量: 单一场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 35.80333, 31.60028
  • 35.80148, 31.59935

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (0.09 km²)

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 2014

介绍类型
Aerial footage of the documented farm/cactus-plantation. Yellow border delineates the documented farm (10 ha) (Sawsan Hassan (Extracted from google earth 2020))
The flower of the Opuntia fiscus-indica cactus, Muchaqqer station, Jordan (Mounir Louhaichi, Sawsan Hassan (21/2/2019).)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 否

  • 农田
    • 乔木与灌木的种植: cactus, cactus-like (e.g. opuntia)
    采用间作制度了吗?: 否
    采用轮作制度了吗?: 否

供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • 土壤风蚀 - Et:表土流失
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cs:盐化/碱化
  • 物理性土壤退化 - Pk:熟化和结壳
  • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bq:数量/生物量减少
SLM组
  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 灌溉管理(包括供水、排水)
SLM措施
  • 植物措施 - V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
  • 结构措施 - S7:集水/供水/灌溉设备
  • 管理措施 - M1:改变土地使用类型

技术图纸

技术规范
The rows are placed 3 meters apart (A), and are located on the contour for rainwater collection as the farm field has a slope of 15% (E). The interspace is 4 meters (D). The cacti are planted in pits that have a diameter of roughly 40 centimeters (C) and a depth of 40 centimeters (B).
Author: Meike Kleinlugtenbeld & Joren Verbist

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:9.1 hectare
  • 成本计算使用的货币:JOD
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 0.71 JOD
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:20
影响成本的最重要因素
On the farm most work (e.g. weeding) is done manually. Therefore, the cost of labour contributes significantly to the total cost.
技术建立活动
  1. Soil scrapping (时间/频率: Prior to planting)
  2. Deep soil ploughing (时间/频率: Prior to planting)
  3. Surface soil ploughing (时间/频率: Prior to planting)
  4. Pit digging (时间/频率: Prior to planting)
  5. Planting cacti (时间/频率: Last third of the dry season (August - October))
  6. Establishment of drip irrigation (时间/频率: If feasible (This case 2015))
技术建立的投入和成本 (per 9.1 hectare)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (JOD) 每项投入的总成本 (JOD) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Pit Digging & Planting Person Hour 47.0 100.0 4700.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
设备
Soil Scrapping (Jackhammer) Machine-Hour 35.0 200.0 7000.0 100.0
Deep Soil Ploughing (Tractor) Machine-Hour 9.0 250.0 2250.0 100.0
Surface Soil Ploughing Machine-Hour 9.0 250.0 2250.0 100.0
植物材料
Cactus Pads Pad 5000.0 0.1 500.0 100.0
施工材料
Drip Irrigation (including labour for installation: 14 person days) Whole System 1.0 13700.0 13700.0 100.0
Water Tanks (including labour for construction: 10 person days) Tank 3.0 500.0 1500.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 31'900.0
技术建立总成本,美元 44'929.58
技术维护活动
  1. NPK Fertilizer (1x) (时间/频率: March - May)
  2. NPK Fertilizer (1x) (时间/频率: September - November)
  3. NPK Fertilizer (1x) (时间/频率: December - February)
  4. Organic Manure Application (时间/频率: September - November)
  5. Manual Weeding (2x) (时间/频率: March - May)
  6. Maintenance of planting pits (时间/频率: April)
  7. Harvesting (时间/频率: August - September)
技术维护的投入和成本 (per 9.1 hectare)
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (JOD) 每项投入的总成本 (JOD) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
NPK Fertilizer Application Person-Day 9.0 20.0 180.0 100.0
Organic Manure Application Person-Day 7.0 20.0 140.0 100.0
Total Weeding Person-Day 200.0 15.0 3000.0 100.0
Harvesting / Fruit Grabbing Person-Day 280.0 20.0 5600.0 100.0
设备
Irrigation Management Person Hour 252.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂
NPK Fertilizer Ton 2.0 1000.0 2000.0 100.0
Organic Manure Ton 40.0 30.0 1200.0 100.0
其它
Pit Maintenance Per Pit 4550.0 0.25 1137.5 100.0
Water for Irrigation (360m3 per month) Kubic Metre 4320.0 0.95 4104.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 17'361.5
技术维护总成本,美元 24'452.82

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:200.0
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考: 地下水和地表水
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
教育

贫瘠
技术援助

贫瘠
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
市场

贫瘠
能源

贫瘠
道路和交通

贫瘠
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
金融服务

贫瘠

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
增加

作物质量
降低
增加

灌溉用水需求
增加
降低

农业投入费用
增加
降低

农业收入
降低
增加

收入来源的多样性
降低
增加

社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
减少
改良

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
改良

生态影响
土壤水分
降低
增加

土壤覆盖层
减少
改良

土壤流失
增加
降低

养分循环/补给
降低
增加

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
增加

生物量/地上C
降低
增加

干旱影响
增加
降低

场外影响

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
非常积极

The Net Income per hectare varies between 1650 and 2750 JOD.

气候变化

渐变气候
年温度 增加

非常不好
非常好
气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
局地雹灾

非常不好
非常好
局地雪暴

非常不好
非常好
热浪

非常不好
非常好
寒潮

非常不好
非常好
极端冬季条件

非常不好
非常好
干旱

非常不好
非常好
流行病

非常不好
非常好

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
户数和/或覆盖面积
200 ha
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)
The market demands increase for cactus pears. This results in different crop-spacing because cactus for pear production requires wider spacing, while cactus for fodder production can be planted more dense. Hence, changing market demands for the different products of cactus require different agronomic practices.

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • The cacti are highly productive with minimum inputs.
  • It does not require much water, which is important as irrigation water availability is a bottleneck for the farmer as well as for most areas in Jordan.
  • The cacti are even productive in poor soil and by growing cacti on these soils, it also reduces erosion.
  • The reduced risk of drought deteriorated yields is important as climate change leads to more extreme weather event, such as droughts. This will only increase in the future. Therefore the cactus's ability to cope with climate change (resilience to climate fluctuations) is a great advantage and increasingly important.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Due to the suitability of cacti to be cultivated in marginal lands, the soil is partly covered permanently by vegetation in these areas which protects these degraded lands. Therefore, cacti cultivation could offer incentive to prevent land degradation.
  • The technology offers increased resilience of the environment and its involved livelihoods. This is because cacti are more resilient to climate change induced effects such as increased droughts and increasing (summer) temperatures, as result of their high-water content and efficiency. Therefore, this technology is better suited for the future.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • The significant cost related to labour. According to the farmer there were no alternatives.
  • Marketing can be considered a weakness as during harvest, the supply of cactus fruits was high and thus the selling-prices were low. By investing in manufacturing/ processing the cacti and stably provide the market with other cactus-products, such as the Tunisian market.
  • The increased risk of new pests. More awareness is required so the new pests can be identified, allowing proper and timely action.
  • The absence of agro-industrial processing units. Currently, the market demand is mostly related to the cactus fruits. However, cacti offer more such as seeds for oil extraction (such as the Tunisian cactus value chain) . Investments to enhance cactus-value chain as is done in Tunisia.
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • The possible knowledge gap for farmers to switch from their conventional/traditional agricultural practices to a more innovative one could be a bottleneck for out-scaling the technology. This bottleneck can be overcome, by developing social capital such as (e.g.) institutions or farmers networks to disseminate knowledge. A good example is the field days for farmers organized by NARC and ICARDA.
  • The risks of pests and diseases is a weakness of the cacti as these plants are vulnerable to this. Also, due to the density and mono-cropping of the cacti, the pest/ disease may spread easily and rapidly over the field. Eventually, risking the production of the cacti, thus possibly reducing the income of local farmers. A solution may be found in changing the agricultural activities. An example of such a possible solution is the introduction of intercropping, this could increase bio-diversity and reduce the potential loss of income in case of a pest-outbreak.

参考文献

编制者
  • Joren Verbist
Editors
审查者
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
实施日期: Dec. 19, 2020
上次更新: April 13, 2021
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
链接到网络上可用的相关信息
  • Fethi Ghouhis, Mounir Louhaichi, Ali Nefzaoui. (12/8/2019). Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) utilization for rehabilitating rangelands in arid regions of Tunisia. Acta Horticulturae, 1247, pp. 95-102.: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10394
  • Mounir Louhaichi, Sawsan Hassan, Giorgia Liguori. (30/12/2019). Manual: Cactus Pear Agronomic Practices.: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/10558
  • HO de Waal, Mounir Louhaichi, Makiko Taguchi, Herman Fouché, Maryna de Wit. (25/1/2015). Development of a cactus pear agro-industry for the sub-Sahara Africa Region. Bloemfontein, South Africa: HO de Waal (Curator).: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/7109
  • Mounir Louhaichi, Sawsan Hassan. (7/10/2018). Managing rangelands: promoting sustainable shrub species: Opuntia ficus-indica (L. ) Mill: a sustainable fodder plant for the dry areas. Beirut, Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/9048
  • Mourad Rekik, Mounir Louhaichi. (9/3/2014). Cactusnet: Promoting the social and ecological benefits of cactus production: Enhancing sheep reproduction through cactus-based feed diets. Beirut, Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/8523
  • Hichem Ben Salem, Mounir Louhaichi. (30/11/2014). Cactusnet: Promoting the social and ecological benefits of cactus production: Promoting Cactus as an alternative and sustainable livestock feed. Beiurt, Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA): https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/5454
  • Ali Nefzaoui, Mounir Louhaichi, Hichem Ben Salem. (30/1/2014). Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification. Journal of Arid Land Studies, 24(1), pp. 121-124.: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/7319
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