Boran pastoralists under a shade engaging in discussion on pasture and water use at Yamicha (Ibrahim Jarso)

Empowering Dedha institutions in governing the natural resources of Isiolo rangelands (肯尼亚)

Jars Dedha

描述

This approach – driven by communities and supported by various agencies - aims to revive and strengthen the traditional natural resource management institutions of Boran pastoralists in Northern Kenya. The traditional system, which was devised by the Boran pastoral community and honed over centuries to suit the challenges of the rangelands, has been steadily eroded by external factors and formalised systems after the emergence of the nation-state.

Pastoral Community Members together with the Jarsa Dedha (the council of elders who control the use of grazing land and its resources) are at the forefront of reinvigorating traditions of rangeland management. To achieve this, they have been supported by organizations including the Ward Adaptation Planning Committees (WAPC), the Resource Advocacy Programme (RAP) and the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). There has been a focus on reviving traditional institutions and systems of managing of natural resources to help communities adapt to climate change.
One specific project that has assisted the re-empowerment of the Dedha institutions was StARCK+ (funded by DfID). StARCK+ was founded on an understanding and an appreciation of the traditional natural resource governance of the Boran pastoral community. Responding to participatory demand it undertook to help strengthen this customary natural resource management system. Various agencies have also conducted research on the traditional institution and investigated how it could be improved. These include IIED, (UK), the University of Nairobi, (Kenya) and the University of Sussex (UK).
The Jarsa Dedha is an indigenous institution, through which customary laws and provisions guide the management of natural resources. The Boran of Isiolo County, Kenya, like their kin in southern Ethiopia, derive their customary laws from an overall supreme general assembly called the Gadha. The Gadha governing council preserves traditional laws and codes of conduct, as well as issuing amendments and additions based on the evolving environmental, social and cultural context. The Gadha system has a set of laws and provisions (seere), customs and culture (aada), and norms and values that govern society.

The recognition and observance of seere and aada are still considered vital for the wellbeing of the community, and the Gadha Council remains a legitimate institution in the eyes of Borana society. However, adherence to these laws is declining and the power of Borana customary institutions to enforce regulations is being undermined in a number of ways.
The reasons for weakening traditional institutions are basically poor recognition by the county and national government, and non-compliance with the rules due to changing socio-cultural norms. The council of elders that govern grazing resources, the Jarsa Dedha, which is the custodian of these unwritten rules and regulations locally, no longer has sufficient capacity or authority to enforce them as it had done prior to colonial rule. With climate change, pasture and water supplies are becoming scarcer and there is no other better way to govern land than the traditional system: that is why reviving, strengthening and improving the system was much welcomed through the advent of the StARCK+ project and the initiatives and support that have followed.
Looking towards the future, the rules of governing natural resources have been collected and formed into a draft county customary natural resource governance bill. This, if passed by the County Assembly, would represent a very significant step, by legitimising the traditional system of rangeland management through the Jarsa Dedha.

地点

地点: Pastoral areas of Isiolo, Isiolo, 肯尼亚

选定地点的地理参考
  • 38.51601, 0.86927
  • 38.65427, 1.06398
  • 38.84835, 1.62045
  • 39.08636, 1.29464
  • 38.35028, 1.08227
  • 39.16327, 1.1189
  • 38.43086, 1.55455
  • 38.46382, 0.07895
  • 37.55196, 0.37558
  • 38.24042, 0.27302
  • 38.52606, 0.55135
  • 39.13767, 0.70878
  • 37.79734, 0.6026
  • 38.23679, 0.84428

启动日期: 2012

终止年份: 不适用

方法的类型
Standing pasture in Bojidera Grazing Reserve in Kinna Ward (Ibrahim Jarso)
Motorbike provided to Dedha elders by Resource Advocacy Programme (RAP), A local implementor of StARCK+ Project in Isiolo County (Omar Jattani)

方法目标和有利环境

该方法的主要目的/目标
The Approach is aimed at strenghthening and re-empowering the traditional institutions that govern rangeland management in the rangelands of Isiolo, in order to improve utilisation of natural resources and build community resilience to droughts and future environmental changes.
推动实施本办法所应用技术的条件
  • 社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观: The approach was traditional and embedded in the culture of boran pastoralists and therefore easy to implement.
  • 财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性: Communities make their own contributions to support implementation of the approach.
  • 机构设置: Well elaborated organizational design at all levels of institutional scale.
  • 参与者的的协作/协调: Many NGOs and local organization support the implementation of the approach through providing means for surveillance such as vehicles or motorbikes. NGOs frequently also support Dedha assemblies that involve meetings of people from far away.
  • 法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权): Traditional tenure system.
  • 政策: Traditional provisions and rules known by all community members.
  • 土地治理(决策、实施和执行): Elders make key decisions on governance of land.
  • 了解SLM,获得技术支持: Traditional skills much used.
  • 市场(购买投入,销售产品)和价格: Ensures security and market thrives.
  • 工作量、人力资源可用性: Youth provide man power Voluntarily.
阻碍实施本办法所应用技术的条件
  • 社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观: The commercialization of livestock and its production like milk has made it difficult for elders to implement the approach.
  • 财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性: No specific budget assigned by government authority for this approach: some funds from projects and county government and contributions from the pastoralists themselves.
  • 机构设置: Collision between the mandates of traditional structure and formal structure. This was addressed through accepting Chiefs as ex-official members in the Dedha council of elders.
  • 参与者的的协作/协调: Government and some NGOs sometimes establish parallel grazing committees.
  • 法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权): No legal papers for the ownership.
  • 政策: Traditional rules not known to everyone.
  • 土地治理(决策、实施和执行): Women and youth not well involved in decision making although changes are happening nowadays to include them.
  • 了解SLM,获得技术支持: Little technical support.
  • 市场(购买投入,销售产品)和价格: The approach is more social and not market oriented.
  • 工作量、人力资源可用性: Volunteers sometimes don’t come out for work.

相关利益相关者的参与和角色

该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责
该方法涉及哪些利益相关者/执行机构? 指定利益相关者 说明利益相关者的角色
当地土地使用者/当地社区 Boran Community members, Dedha elders. Agree on the pasture and water management approach and implement .
社区组织 Ward Adaptation Planning Committees. Implement community plans and fundraise for it.
NGO Resource Advocacy Programme (RAP), Merti Integrated Development Programme (MIDP), Pastoralist A Capacity Development E Programme (PACDEP), International Institute for Environment Development and Adaptation Consortium (ADA) Support communities in implementing the approach. Ward Adaptation Planning Committees; Implement community plans and fundraise for it.
领导机构
WAPC , ADA and IIED
当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
被动
外部支持
互动
自我动员
启动/动机
Pastoral Community Members, Dedha elders and supporting organizations like WAPC, RAP, IIED and DfID supported the process of reviving the traditional system of management of natural resources to help communities adapt to climate change.
计划
Pastoral Community Members and Dedha Elders to improve their systems of management of land and land-based resources.
实施
Dedha elders as they are tasked with ensuring that the natural resource governance system is successful.
监测/评估
Pastoralists and elders to keep those tasked are properly undertaking the responsibilities.
流程图

The Dedha traditional system of managing resources has internal hierarchy at different levels i.e. Olla (homestead), Artha (locality) and Dedha (a large area). Although planning and minor decisions are made at local levels, major and binding decisions are agreed at Dedha level on grazing and management of pasture. Many NGOs and government actors engage the management system at Dedha level.

作者:Ibrahim Jarso
有关SLM技术选择的决策

决策是由......做出的

  • 仅限土地使用者(自主)
  • 主要是土地使用者,由SLM专家提供支持
  • 所有相关参与者,作为参与式方法的一部分
  • 主要是SLM专家,咨询土地使用者之后
  • 仅限SLM专家
  • 政治家和领袖

决策是基于

  • 对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估(基于证据的决策)
  • 研究结果
  • 个人经验和意见(无记录)

技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

以下活动或服务是该方法的一部分
能力建设/培训
向以下利益相关者提供培训
  • 土地使用者
  • 现场工作人员/顾问
培训形式
  • 在职
  • 农民对农民
  • 示范区域
  • 公开会议
  • 课程
涵盖的主题

Constitutional clauses supporting management of land through traditional institutions.
Need to legislate the local traditional rules to county laws. Participatory mapping of Natural Resources in the grazing areas to improve planning.

咨询服务
已提供咨询服务
  • 在土地使用者的土地上
  • 在固定中心
The pastoralist extension training sessions take place in Agricultural Training Centre in Isiolo Town. They are normally conducted once or twice a year because of financial constraints.
机构强化
机构已强化/建立
  • 是,少许
  • 是,适度
  • 是,非常
在下述层面上
  • 本地
  • 区域
  • 国家
描述机构、角色和职责、成员等.
The Dedha institution has been strengthened as they were enabled to undertake their responsibilities better.
支持类型
  • 财务
  • 能力建设/培训
  • 设备
  • Their meetings were supported and made frequent and increased reach.
进一步细节
Provided with materials like motorbikes.
监测和评估
This is a traditional approach and it is effectively self-monitored for learning and improvement.
研究
研究涉及以下主题
  • 社会学
  • 经济/市场营销
  • 生态学
  • 技术

Various institutions have conducted research on the traditional institution and investigated how it could be improved through strengthening and reviving it with new initiatives for improved governance of natural resources. The institutions are the International Institute for Environment and Development, (UK), the University of Nairobi, (Kenya) and the University of Sussex (UK).

融资和外部物质支持

SLM组成部分的年度预算,以美元计算
  • < 2,000
  • 2,000-10,000
  • 10,000-100,000
  • 100,000-1,000,000
  • > 1,000,000
Precise annual budget: 不适用
The traditional system is self sustaining and thrives through local contributions but no specific budget lines.
已向土地使用者提供以下服务或激励
  • 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援
  • 特定投入的补贴
  • 信用
  • 其它激励或手段
其它激励或手段

The rules of governing natural resources were collected and documented into a county customary natural resource governance bill.

影响分析和结论性陈述

方法的影响
是,很少
是,中等
是,支持力度很大
该方法是否有助于当地土地使用者,提高利益相关者的参与度?

Strengthens community rights and ownership of their land.

这种方法是否有助于基于证据的决策?

The Approach convened the community and identified the community challenges and worked on it with the support of Dedha elders.

该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术?

Supported the essential activities of the traditional system and made it easy to implement.

该方法是否提高了SLM的协调性和成本效益?

Improved coordination among the partners and made implementation easy.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力?

The knowledge is culturally passed to generations

该方法是否提高了其他利益相关者的知识和能力?

Yes, other stakeholders’ knowledge on the system was also improved.

该方法是否建立/加强了机构、利益相关者之间的合作?

Yes, the Approach made local indigenous institution stronger and enhanced their collaboration.

该方法是否缓解了冲突?

It provided platform for resource based conflict discussions and also settled many of local and trans-boundary conflicts through the empowered Dedha elders

该方法是否有助于社会和经济弱势群体?

Yes, the approached saved livestock from death in times of drought and built pastoral communities economically.

该方法是否改善了性别平等并赋予女性权力?

The aAproach engaged the Dedha elders to accept women in their traditional institutions and entrenched gender in establishment of WAPCs

该方法是否鼓励年轻人/下一代土地使用者参与SLM?

Many youth were involved in implementing the Traditional systems of governance as a result of the approach

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题?

Yes, the Approach led to formulation of customary natural resource management bill meant to enhance land rights.

该方法是否改善了粮食安全/改善了营养?

Yes, through ensuring retention of livestock asset.

该方法是否改善了市场准入?

The Approach through improvement of range management institution of Dedha, has helped to ensure there is food for pastoral herds and livestock with good body conditions were sold in local markets in good prices

该方法是否改善了供水和卫生条件?

Yes, through the approach many water facilities were better managed.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者适应气候变化/极端情况和减轻气候相关灾害的能力?

Yes, the Approach empowered the community to arrange their pattern of grazing to wet, dry season and grazing reserves to cope with climate extremes and disasters.

该方法是否会带来就业、收入机会?

Yes, many job opportunities were created for locals and also private businesses.

土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机
  • 增加生产
  • 增加利润(能力),提高成本效益比
  • 减少土地退化
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 减少工作量
  • 支付/补贴
  • 规章制度(罚款)/执行
  • 声望、社会压力/社会凝聚
  • 加入运动/项目/团体/网络
  • 环境意识
  • 习俗和信仰,道德
  • 提高SLM知识和技能
  • 美学改进
  • 冲突缓解
方法活动的可持续性
土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施(无外部支持的情况下)?
  • 不确定

The traditional system of managing natural resources for pastoralists has been in place for time immemorial and it supports their way of life and even if there is minimal support from outside, such as the empowering approach, the SLM will still continue as it was developed by Boran pastoralists – who feel it is the most legitimate and appropriate system of governing rangelands in the region. This has been confirmed by many analytical studies of the system.

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • It is inherent approach that will pass to the next generation of pastoralists with the new innovations that are incorporated over the years.
  • It is the cheapest and easiest way of managing the rangelands for posterity.
  • It is a very flexible approach that's accepting new changes so that the technology is conversant at all times.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • It is a legitimate system recognized by all pastoralist for management of their rangeland resources.
  • It is conservative and less costly to implement in the vast rangelands with little incentives.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • There is no law protecting it. The government need to establish a law that recognizes and protects the approach.
  • The changing social norms with globalization and diversification of livelihood is pausing a challenge like Commercial Pastoralism Government need to establish policies and plans as well as legislations that recognizes the traditional systems and institution for the approach to be successful for long
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • There are many competing claims over rangeland resources and government supports some. Create awareness of local leaders about the competing claims and lobby them to protect rangeland resources.

参考文献

编制者
  • IBRAHIM JARSO
Editors
  • Caroline King-Okumu
审查者
  • Hanspeter Liniger
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
  • Donia Mühlematter
  • Joana Eichenberger
实施日期: Jan. 12, 2018
上次更新: Nov. 2, 2021
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Evolving pastoralists institutions by patison and tari: IIED Website
链接到网络上可用的相关信息
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International