汇总

描述

A fenced enclosure transformed with stone clearing and a small scale irrigation system, to grow a wide range of perennial, annual and orchard crops, beekeeping and small scale animal production.

A small area of previously severely eroded and almost devoid of vegetation area of land that was transformed through the building a perimeter fence, supplying a simple irrigation system and the planting of a diverse range of crops to provide a rich, integrated farming system. Activities then completed on this area included: orchard planting, perennial fodder crops (lucerne), garden vegetables, bee keeping for honey production and small scale animal rearing.

Purpose of the Technology: The farmer clearly stated that his prime, initial purpose in taking over this “ruined and abandoned land” was to improve and better guarantee the quality of his family’s lifestyle through enhanced and assured food and fodder production. He also recognised the potential for future profit through sale of his excess produce to market. Currently, the family has almost no need to buy food (and fodder) from nearby markets, apart from flour for bread making. This is a large cost saving. In hindsight, the farmer sees that he has dramatically improved land quality within the enclosure through mitigating erosion and increasing year-round vegetation cover.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The family (Enomali is the family name) first occupied this land in 1984. The first task was tree planting – a variety of orchard trees – on 0.1 ha of the current enclosure. This was fenced using abandoned wire and metal supports from old Russian factories. After nine family members left (to work in Dushanbe) the land user expanded the fence to the current 0.2 ha and continued to plant trees. He continued the stone removal through the 1990s and even up until the present day. Lucerne and vegetable gardens were initiated in the 1990s and continue to be enriched as required. Fodder, tree and vegetable production includes an ongoing set of tasks, as does the animal feeding with the home-grown fodder. Bee keeping is seasonal and the honey kept for home consumption. The land user continues to plant orchard trees every year and currently has more than 100. He gained a “certificate” of ownership” in 2008.

Natural / human environment: Before the family occupied this land, the land user stated that it was “totally ruined and abandoned”. That is why it was unoccupied. The family were prepared to work extremely hard to convert this ruined land to the green and productive “island” that it now is. The people in the area are dependent upon the produce of the land, however suitable land is in short supply and subject to population pressures.

地点

地点: Varzob, Central District of Tajikistan, 塔吉克斯坦

分析的技术场所数量:

选定地点的地理参考

68.6855, 38.7117

技术传播: 均匀地分布在一个区域 (approx. < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）)

在永久保护区？:

实施日期: 10-50年前

介绍类型

通过土地使用者的创新
作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）
在实验/研究期间
通过项目/外部干预

技术分类

主要目的

改良生产
减少、预防、恢复土地退化
保护生态系统
结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
保持/提高生物多样性
降低灾害风险
适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
减缓气候变化及其影响
创造有益的经济影响
创造有益的社会影响
rehabilitate severely degraded land

土地利用

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：是 - 农林业

农田
- 一年一作: 饲料作物 - 其他, vegetables, orchard fruits, lucerne
- 多年一作（非木材）
- 乔木与灌木的种植
每年的生长季节数: 1

牧场
- 收割和携带/零放牧

森林/林地产品和服务: 水果和坚果

供水

雨养
混合雨水灌溉
充分灌溉

土地退化相关的目的

防止土地退化
减少土地退化
修复/恢复严重退化的土地
适应土地退化
不适用

解决的退化问题

土壤水蚀 - Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀 , Wg：冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀 , Wm：块体运动/滑坡

生物性退化 - Bc：植被覆盖的减少, Bh：栖息地丧失, Bq：数量/生物量减少, Bl：土壤寿命损失

SLM组

农业林学
改良的地面/植被覆盖
改良植物品种/动物品种

SLM措施

农艺措施 - A1：植被和土壤覆盖层

植物措施 - V1：乔木和灌木覆盖层

结构措施 - S6：墙、障碍物、栅栏、围墙

管理措施 - M1：改变土地使用类型

技术图纸

技术规范

The drawing shows an enclosed area, a fence line consisting of wire fencing, brush and scrap metal materials. At the top of the slope a row of fast growing poplars was planted to protect the enclosure and the adjacent vegetable plot from the wind and rain. Perenials are intercropped with fruit trees further below the dwelling and the area is fed by an irrigation pipe originating from a local spring.

Location: Tajikistan. Varzob, Luchob

Date: 28 April 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (If training was provided to replicate the technology.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: increase of surface roughness, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, water spreading, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, reduction in wind speed, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Better crop cover
Material/ species: Perennial lucerne for fodder
Quantity/ density: 100% cover
Remarks: 0.1 ha

Cover cropping
Material/ species: Lucerne is a cover crop

Retaining more vegetation cover
Material/ species: Land previously bare

Agronomic measure: other
Material/ species: Perennial legume pasture species - lucerne
Quantity/ density: 0.1 ha

Furrows (drainage, irrigation)
Material/ species: Irrigation via hand cut 20cm cube ditches and poly pipe

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

In blocks
Number of plants per (ha): 100%
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): about 0.1 ha planted

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Apple, cherry, apricot, pear

Perennial crops species: lucerne

Other species: Vegetable garden

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 38.30%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 5.24%

Wall/ barrier
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1000

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 21 degrees – measured with cli%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 3 degrees%

Author: Habib Kamolidinov, Land Management Institute, Giprozem 15, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

技术建立与维护：活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算

计算的成本为：
成本计算使用的货币：somoni
汇率（换算为美元）：1 美元 = 4.5 somoni
雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本：5.50

影响成本的最重要因素

The human labour costs (I believe) are most misleading. The farmer and his family happily and willingly committed their time and effort over a period of 27 years to improving this piece of land – as they knew that their family lifestyle would vastly improve and be greatly assured through their efforts. As the farmer said during the interview: “What else would I be doing?” Meaning – this is his life and he thoroughly enjoyed the inputs, realising the richness of the outputs. Fence costs were minimal (a few hundred dollars) as on departure of the Russians after the Soviet period, the factories were ransacked by locals for metals of all types, not a sustainable practice, but at this time gave locals access to free materials to use. In this case for fencing. Trees – there was an initial set up cost and the farmer said he tries to plant at least 20 new trees each year to maintain and enhance productivity. Lucerne – there was a set up cost (farmer forgets how much – but approx. $50) for seed. But now the lucerne is almost self-regenerating (from it's own seeds) as the last cut each year is for seed production that the farmer spreads in the lucerne field.

技术建立活动

Fence building (时间/频率: At the start)
Irrigation pipes (时间/频率: At the start)
Tree planting (时间/频率: At the start)
Cover cropping (lucerne replanting) (时间/频率: annually)
Small vegetable beds (时间/频率: annually)
Vegetable garden (时间/频率: annually)

技术建立的投入和成本

对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本 (somoni)	每项投入的总成本 (somoni)	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Fence building	Persons/day	100.0	25.0	2500.0	100.0
Tree planting	Persons/day	10.0	25.0	250.0	100.0
Cover cropping	Persons/day	5.0	25.0	125.0	100.0
Vegetable garden	Persons/day	50.0	25.0	1250.0	100.0
植物材料
Trees	Pieces	50.0	10.0	500.0	100.0
Plants	Pieces	3000.0	0.33333333	1000.0	100.0
施工材料
Fence	meter	200.0	2.25	450.0	100.0
Irrigation pipe	meter	1500.0	1.5	2250.0	100.0
其它
Labour: Small vegetable beds	Persons/day	20.0	25.0	500.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本				8'825.0
技术建立总成本，美元				1'961.11

技术维护活动

Better crop cover and cover cropping (时间/频率: Annually)
Stone clearing (时间/频率: Annually)
Vegetable garden (时间/频率: Annually)
Animal husbandry (and bee keeping) (时间/频率: Annual)
Fertilising (garden vegetables) (时间/频率: Annual)
Tree planting (时间/频率: Annually)
Lucerne reseeding (时间/频率: Annually)
Vegetable planting (时间/频率: Annually)
Small vegetable beds (时间/频率: Annual)

技术维护的投入和成本

对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本 (somoni)	每项投入的总成本 (somoni)	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Better crop cover and cover cropping	Persons/day	10.0	25.0	250.0	100.0
Stone clearing	Persons/day	10.0	25.0	250.0	100.0
Vegetable garden incl. fertilizing	Persons/day	15.0	25.0	375.0	100.0
Animal husbandry (and bee keeping)	Persons/day	40.0	25.0	1000.0	100.0
其它
Labour: Tree planting	Persons/day	10.0	25.0	250.0	100.0
Labour: Lucerne reseeding	Persons/day	10.0	25.0	250.0	100.0
Labour: Vegetable planting	Persons/day	50.0	25.0	1250.0	100.0
Labour: Preparing small vegetable beds	Persons/day	20.0	25.0	500.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本				4'125.0
技术维护总成本，美元				916.67

自然环境

年平均降雨量

< 250毫米
251-500毫米
501-750毫米
751-1,000毫米
1,001-1,500毫米
1,501-2,000毫米
2,001-3,000毫米
3,001-4,000毫米
> 4,000毫米

农业气候带

潮湿的
半湿润
半干旱
干旱

关于气候的规范

Dominate in Spring (March-May) The period June to September is very hot and dry (almost no rainfall)
Thermal climate class: temperate

斜坡

水平（0-2%）
缓降（3-5%）
平缓（6-10%）
滚坡（11-15%）
崎岖（16-30%）
陡峭（31-60%）
非常陡峭（>60%）

地形

高原/平原
山脊
山坡
山地斜坡
麓坡
谷底

海拔

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

......应用的技术

凸形情况
凹陷情况
不相关

土壤深度

非常浅（0-20厘米）
浅（21-50厘米）
中等深度（51-80厘米）
深（81-120厘米）
非常深（> 120厘米）

土壤质地（表土）

粗粒/轻（砂质）
中粒（壤土、粉土）
细粒/重质（粘土）

土壤质地（地表以下>20厘米）

粗粒/轻（砂质）
中粒（壤土、粉土）
细粒/重质（粘土）

表土有机质含量

高（>3%）
中（1-3%）
低（<1%）

地下水位

表面上
< 5米
5-50米
> 50米

地表水的可用性

过量
好
中等
匮乏/没有

水质（未处理）

良好饮用水
不良饮用水（需要处理）
仅供农业使用（灌溉）
不可用

水质请参考：

盐度是个问题吗？

洪水发生

物种多样性

高
中等
低

栖息地多样性

高
中等
低

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位

生计（自给）
混合（生计/商业）
商业/市场

非农收入

低于全部收入的10%
收入的10-50%
> 收入的50%

相对财富水平

非常贫瘠
贫瘠
平均水平
丰富
非常丰富

机械化水平

手工作业
畜力牵引
机械化/电动

定栖或游牧

定栖的
半游牧的
游牧的

个人或集体

个人/家庭
团体/社区
合作社
员工（公司、政府）

性别

女人
男人

年龄

儿童
青年人
中年人
老年人

每户使用面积

< 0.5 公顷
0.5-1 公顷
1-2 公顷
2-5公顷
5-15公顷
15-50公顷
50-100公顷
100-500公顷
500-1,000公顷
1,000-10,000公顷
> 10,000公顷

规模

小规模的
中等规模的
大规模的

土地所有权

州
公司
社区/村庄
团体
个人，未命名
个人，有命名

土地使用权

自由进入（无组织）
社区（有组织）
租赁
个人

用水权

自由进入（无组织）
社区（有组织）
租赁
个人

进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康

贫瘠

好

教育

贫瘠

好

技术援助

贫瘠

好

就业（例如非农）

贫瘠

好

市场

贫瘠

好

能源

贫瘠

好

道路和交通

贫瘠

好

饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠

好

金融服务

贫瘠

好

影响

社会经济影响

作物生产

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None
Prior to the technology this land was “ruined, denuded wasteland” that had almost no carrying capacity, no productivity and no water supply, so the % increase as a result of the technology is from a starting point of zero.

饲料生产

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

饲料质量

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

畜牧生产

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 2
SLM之后的数量: None

木材生产

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

生产故障风险

增加

降低

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

产品多样性

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

生产区域（耕种/使用中的新土地）

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

土地管理

妨碍

简化

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

饮用水的可用性

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

家畜用水的可用性

降低

增加

家畜用水的质量

降低

增加

灌溉用水的可用性

降低

增加

灌溉用水的质量

降低

增加

农业投入费用

增加

降低

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

农业收入

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

收入来源的多样性

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

工作量

增加

降低

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少

改良

健康状况

恶化

改良

文化机会（如精神、审美以及其他）

减少

改良

娱乐机会

减少

改良

SLM/土地退化知识

减少

改良

社会经济弱势群体的情况（性别、年龄、地位、种族等）

恶化

改良

Livelihood and human well-being

reduced

improved

The primary aim of the farmer in introducing the Technology was to improve the family’s lifestyle and well being. He has easily achieved this and it seems to be getting better, year on year. The family have improved their food security and quality.

生态影响

水量

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

水质

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

水的回收/收集（径流、露水、雪等）

减少

改良

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

地表径流

增加

降低

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

多余水的排放

减少

改良

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

蒸发

增加

降低

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

土壤水分

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

土壤覆盖层

减少

改良

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

土壤流失

增加

降低

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

土壤结壳/密封

增加

减少

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

土壤压实

增加

减少

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

养分循环/补给

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

生物量/地上C

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

植物多样性

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

Hazard towards adverse events

improved

reduced

场外影响

水的可用性（地下水、泉水）

降低

增加

SLM之前的数量: 0
SLM之后的数量: None

旱季稳定可靠的水流（包括低流量）

减少

增加

下游洪水（不希望）

增加

减少

As the Technology has so revolutionised the productive capacity and sustainability of the site, there are no obvious disadvantages.

下游淤积

增加

降低

缓冲/过滤能力（按土壤、植被、湿地划分）

减少

改良

对邻近农田的破坏

增加

减少

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点

The land provided food security and a small income for my family.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? To replicate it, maybe small grants and loans could be awarded.

长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点

The fence building started and underpins the whole SLM initiative. That it was achieved by only 2-3 people, in a one year period and at low cost (using mainly scrap materials) adds to the strengths.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer wishes to expand his fenced area so the enclosure is 1 ha in size
Bringing water to the site (at his own cost) by poly pipe was a critical part to the technology. The land in the enclosure would probably have improved anyway, due to animal exclusion, but this was greatly improved by the provison of irrigation water. This is relatively a small volume of water, but it is available all year round which is key to the plants being able to survive through the hot summer months.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer wishes to source a 2nd spring to water the extended (1 ha) site
The rich mix of vegetation on the site (trees, perennial fodder legume and vegetable production) not only ensures the intervention remains viable but also ensures a continuous, rich, healthy food supply to the family all year round

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The farmer has already started to plant new fruit trees outside the fence area, in readiness for moving the fence to encompass a 1 ha site
Clearing stones was an important technological input, to greatly increase the available “growth area” for the introduced plants and trees as well as maintain soil depth. Linked to the irrigation system, the increased soil depth has greatly aided the vitality of this SLM approach – especially in the hot summer months.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Stone clearing will be a critical phase of the expansion of the enclosure to 1 ha.

弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服

It is a lengthy process to secure land certificates.

弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服

Enclosing the land is important, however the cost of the wire fence becomes an issue. There may be access to finance through the bank or from relatives.
The success of the project is dependent upon the supply of irrigated water to supplement the rainfed supply. Areas for replication need to be assessed for water supply. There is also potential that drip irrigation schemes could help support the implementation of the technology.

Integrated Technologies for Household Plots (塔吉克斯坦)

描述

A fenced enclosure transformed with stone clearing and a small scale irrigation system, to grow a wide range of perennial, annual and orchard crops, beekeeping and small scale animal production.

地点

技术分类

主要目的

土地利用

供水

土地退化相关的目的

解决的退化问题

SLM组

SLM措施

技术图纸

技术规范

技术建立与维护：活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算

影响成本的最重要因素

技术建立活动

技术建立的投入和成本

技术维护活动

技术维护的投入和成本

自然环境

年平均降雨量

农业气候带

关于气候的规范

斜坡

地形

海拔

......应用的技术

土壤深度

土壤质地（表土）

土壤质地（地表以下>20厘米）

表土有机质含量

地下水位

地表水的可用性

水质（未处理）

盐度是个问题吗？

洪水发生

物种多样性

栖息地多样性

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位

非农收入

相对财富水平

机械化水平

定栖或游牧

个人或集体

性别

年龄

每户使用面积

规模

土地所有权

土地使用权

用水权

进入服务和基础设施的通道

影响

社会经济影响

社会文化影响

生态影响

场外影响

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益

与技术维护成本相比的效益

气候变化

渐变气候

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

其他气候相关的后果

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比

在所有采用这种技术的人当中，有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?

户数和/或覆盖面积

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？

什么样的变化条件？

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点

长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点

弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服

弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服

参考文献

编制者