Water distribution from a shallow well in a sugar cane field (Jilayus Sommutram)

Using shallow wells for crops and lowering the saline groundwater table (泰国)

shallow well

描述

Pumping groundwater from shallow wells for agriculture can control the groundwater table in recharge areas. It helps to manage saline aquifers and reduce soil salinity. Such shallow wells range from 25 to 30 meters deep. This technology is very well-accepted by the land users.

The shallow well is a structure created in the ground by digging or drilling to access water resources. This example of shallow wells is their use in recharge areas to lower groundwater tables. The technology is a subproject of a larger LDD initiative. The technology has been promoted by the Land Development Department at Bua Yai district Nakhon Ratchasima province since 2014. The objectives of the main project are (1) to provide water resources in recharge areas for agriculture: (2) to reduce the amount of saline groundwater and (3) to set up positive economic impact measures.
The process of technology establishment comprises 1) a recharge area survey in salt-affected areas, 2) drilling shallow wells to 25-30 meters depth, 3) installing 5.5 hp gasoline pumps and testing water quality, 4) pumping groundwater and distributing it to the cultivated areas.
Shallow well technology has been implemented on the fields of Mr. Boonchu Supho, Ban Nong Mek, Moo 9, T.Dan Chang, A. Buayai, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Mr. Boonchu Supho has 21 rai (approx. 3.4 hectares), undulating area with a 2-5% slope, situated at approx. 200 meters above sea level, with a tropical climate, and soil which is classified as being in the series of Kula Ronghai (Ki). This area is upland, and located in the recharge area. Mr. Boonchu Supho has 13 rai (approx. 2 hectares) of lowland rice fields and one shallow well.
In the past, water scarcity was the main issue with his land. Droughts resulted in water scarcity and low productivity. After excavating a shallow well in 2014, groundwater was used for 19 rai of cultivation. Due to soil salinity reduction, rice yields increased to 590 kg/rai (approx. 3700 kg/ha: an increase of approx. 47.4%). Sugar cane yield increased to 30 ton/rai. Moreover, land users can use land more efficiently with mixed plantations of banana, pineapples, sweet bamboo, chilies, galangal and lemongrass to generate income. Even with a drought in 2018, his land had enough water for cultivation, while rice fields in the surrounding area faced water scarcity problem.
In conclusion, the benefits of the shallow well are 1) lowering the groundwater table and reducing salinity, 2) enhancing rice and sugar cane yields, 3) ability to cultivate throughout the year and 4) better soil properties and a better environment. However, the disadvantage of the shallow well is that farmers have to pay for electricity (around 1,200 THB/ 9 months or 10,800 THB/year).

地点

地点: Ban Koksa-ard Moo 10 T.Danchang, A.Buayai, Nakhon Ratchasima, 泰国

分析的技术场所数量: 单一场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 318342.40359, 15.6126

技术传播:

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 2014; 不到10年前(最近)

介绍类型
Water distribution from a shallow well in sugar cane (Jilayus Sommutram)
Water distribution from a shallow well in rice field (Jilayus Sommutram)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
  • prevents soil salinity and to lower the groundwater table on recharge area
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 否

  • 农田
    • 一年一作: 谷类 - 水稻(湿地), 蔬菜 - 其他
    • 多年一作(非木材): 香蕉/芭蕉/蕉麻, 菠萝, 甘蔗
    • vegetable
    每年的生长季节数: 2
    采用间作制度了吗?: 否
    采用轮作制度了吗?: 否
  • 水道、水体、湿地 - 主要产品/服务: shallow well
供水
  • 雨养
  • 混合雨水灌溉
  • 充分灌溉
  • shallow well

土地退化相关的目的
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
  • 适应土地退化
  • 不适用
解决的退化问题
  • 化学性土壤退化 - Cs:盐化/碱化
  • 物理性土壤退化 - Pc:压实, Pk:熟化和结壳
  • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bq:数量/生物量减少, Bl:土壤寿命损失
  • 水质恶化 - Hq:地下水水质下降
SLM组
  • 轮作制度(轮作、休耕、轮垦)
  • 地下水管理
  • desalination
SLM措施
  • 农艺措施 - A1:植被和土壤覆盖层, A2:有机质/土壤肥力
  • 结构措施 - S11:其它

技术图纸

技术规范
None
Author: Mr.Jilayus Sommutram

技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

投入和成本的计算
  • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:21 rai own by one selected land user....(e.g. 24 acres, 4.5 hectares);换算为1公顷的换算系数:1 公顷 = 1 hectare =…6.25 rai
  • 成本计算使用的货币:THB
  • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 不适用 THB
  • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:300 THB
影响成本的最重要因素
Cost of shallow wells implementation at the 1st year consists of 100,000 THB of labor hiring, equipment, and installation. Besides, land users have to pay 2,500 THB for farm pond construction The expenditure at the 1st year in 2014, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields. The expenditure at the 1st year with 19 rai is 42,050 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB. Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 52,850 THB. The income from crop production at 1st year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 2,000 THB/month or 24,000 THB/year from chilies, galangal, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 173,700 THB and net income is 120,850 THB Cost and income at 2nd year in 2015 are described as following; The expenditure at 2nd year in 2015, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields and 0.5 rai of reed fields. The expenditure at the 2nd year is 40,475 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB and 2,000 THB of water pump modifying fee Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 51,275 THB. The income from crop production at the 2nd year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 3,500 THB/month or 42,000 THB/year from reed, sweet bamboo, chilies, galanga, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 191,700 THB and net income is 140,425 THB The expenditure at the 3rd year in 2016, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields and 1 rai of reed fields and 0.5 rai of reed. The expenditure at the 3rd year is 40,800 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB and 2,000 THB of water pump modifying fee Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 51,600 THB. The income from crop production at 3rd year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 3,500 THB/month or 42,000 THB/year from reed, sweet bamboo, chilies, galangal, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 191,700 THB and net income is 140,100 THB The expenditure at the 4th year in 2017, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields and 1 rai of reed fields and 0.5 rai of reed. The expenditure at the 4th year is 37,125 THB combine with electricity charge 10,800 THB and 2,000 THB of water pump modifying fee Thus, the grand total of expenditure is 47,925 THB. The income from crop production at 4th year, land users sold rice yield and got 109,200 THB (the average amount of yield is 560 kg/rai, totally gain yield is 7,280 kg, price of rice yield is 15 THB/kg). Land users got 40,500 THB from sugar cane production (the average amount of yield is 30 ton/rai, totally gain yield is 45 ton, price of sugar cane yield is 900 THB/ton). Moreover, land users also got 3,500 THB/month or 42,000 THB/year from reed, sweet bamboo, chilies, galangal, and lemongrass production. Thus, the grand total of income is 191,700 THB and net income is 143,775 THB The expenditure at the 5th year in 2018, pumping groundwater needs to use electricity 8 hours/ 270 day. The amount of water pumping has distributed to 13 rai of rice fields, 1.5 rai of sugar cane fields, 1 rai of sweet bamboo, 1 rai of banana, 1 rai of chilies, galangal and lemongrass fields,1 rai of reed
技术建立活动
  1. To drilling shallow well with 25-30 meters depth (时间/频率: January 2014)
  2. Sugar fields (时间/频率: May 2014, 2016, 2018)
  3. Pineapple fields (时间/频率: May 2018)
  4. Banana fields (时间/频率: May 2014)
  5. Reed fields (时间/频率: May 2015)
  6. Sweet bamboo fields (时间/频率: May 2015)
  7. Chillies, galangal and lemon grass fields (时间/频率: May 2014-2018)
  8. Rice fields (时间/频率: June 2014-2018)
技术建立的投入和成本 (per 21 rai own by one selected land user....(e.g. 24 acres, 4.5 hectares))
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (THB) 每项投入的总成本 (THB) 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力
Costs of labor for sugarcane cultivation puddle 1.0 2500.0 2500.0
Costs of labor for rice cultivation. rai 13.0 1150.0 14950.0
Costs of labor for sugar cane cultivation. rai 1.5 1200.0 1800.0
Costs of labor for pineapple cultivation. rai 1.0 1200.0 1200.0
设备
Costs of labor for Banana cultivation rai 1.0 600.0 600.0
Costs of labor for Papyrus cultivation. rai 0.5 900.0 450.0
Costs of labor for Sweet bamboo cultivation. rai 1.0 600.0 600.0
Costs of labor for Chilli, galangal, lemon grass cultivation rai 1.0 900.0 900.0
Cost of shallow water well drilling equipment puddle 1.0 100000.0 100000.0
植物材料
Bud seedling sugarcane seedling 2250.0 0.9 2025.0
Bud seedling Pineapple seedling 2500.0 2.0 5000.0
Bud seedling Banana seedling 100.0 10.0 1000.0
Bud seedling Papyrus seedling 3000.0 0.2 600.0
肥料和杀菌剂
Bud seedling sweet bamboo seedling 25.0 80.0 2000.0
Bud seedling Chilli, galangal, lemon grass seedling 2000.0 1.0 2000.0
Seedling rice KDML105 seedling 65.0 25.0 1625.0
Chemical fertilizer 15-15-15 kg 300.0 13.0 3900.0
Chicken manure kg 2000.0 2.0 4000.0
其它
Electricity charge hr 240.0 5.0 1200.0
Machinery rai 19.0 500.0 9500.0
技术建立所需总成本 155'850.0
技术建立总成本,美元 155'850.0
技术维护活动
  1. Maintenance (时间/频率: 1 Times/year)
  2. Electricity charge (时间/频率: 1 Times/month)
技术维护的投入和成本 (per 21 rai own by one selected land user....(e.g. 24 acres, 4.5 hectares))
对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (THB) 每项投入的总成本 (THB) 土地使用者承担的成本%
设备
electricity charge,5 baht per unit 8 hours per day, 360 days / year time 2880.0 5.0 14400.0
Machinery time 1.0 2000.0 2000.0
技术维护所需总成本 16'400.0
技术维护总成本,美元 16'400.0

自然环境

年平均降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 潮湿的
  • 半湿润
  • 半干旱
  • 干旱
关于气候的规范
以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:1084.0
Average annual rainfall from 2008-2013
气象站名称:Meteorological Department
Temperatures average 13-39 degrees Celsius, average relative humidity 55-89.%
斜坡
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
海拔
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
......应用的技术
  • 凸形情况
  • 凹陷情况
  • 不相关
土壤深度
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质含量
  • 高(>3%)
  • 中(1-3%)
  • 低(<1%)
地下水位
  • 表面上
  • < 5米
  • 5-50米
  • > 50米
地表水的可用性
  • 过量
  • 中等
  • 匮乏/没有
水质(未处理)
  • 良好饮用水
  • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
  • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
  • 不可用
水质请参考: 地下水
盐度是个问题吗?

洪水发生
物种多样性
  • 中等
栖息地多样性
  • 中等

应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

市场定位
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
  • 商业/市场
非农收入
  • 低于全部收入的10%
  • 收入的10-50%
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
  • 丰富
  • 非常丰富
机械化水平
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
  • 机械化/电动
定栖或游牧
  • 定栖的
  • 半游牧的
  • 游牧的
个人或集体
  • 个人/家庭
  • 团体/社区
  • 合作社
  • 员工(公司、政府)
性别
  • 女人
  • 男人
年龄
  • 儿童
  • 青年人
  • 中年人
  • 老年人
每户使用面积
  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
规模
  • 小规模的
  • 中等规模的
  • 大规模的
土地所有权
  • 公司
  • 社区/村庄
  • 团体
  • 个人,未命名
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
用水权
  • 自由进入(无组织)
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 租赁
  • 个人
  • Rainfed.
进入服务和基础设施的通道
健康

贫瘠
x
教育

贫瘠
x
技术援助

贫瘠
x
就业(例如非农)

贫瘠
x
市场

贫瘠
x
能源

贫瘠
x
道路和交通

贫瘠
x
饮用水和卫生设施

贫瘠
x
金融服务

贫瘠
x

影响

社会经济影响
作物生产
降低
x
增加

作物质量
降低
x
增加

生产故障风险
增加
x
降低

产品多样性
降低
x
增加

生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
降低
x
增加

饮用水的可用性
降低
x
增加

饮用水的质量
降低
x
增加

家畜用水的可用性
降低
x
增加

农业投入费用
增加
x
降低

农业收入
降低
x
增加

工作量
增加
x
降低

社会文化影响
食品安全/自给自足
减少
x
改良

健康状况
恶化
x
改良

土地使用权/用水权
恶化
x
改良

文化机会(如精神、审美以及其他)
减少
x
改良

娱乐机会
减少
x
改良

社区机构
削弱
x
加强

国家机构
削弱
x
加强

SLM/土地退化知识
减少
x
改良

冲突缓解
恶化
x
改良

社会经济弱势群体的情况(性别、年龄、地位、种族等)
恶化
x
改良

生态影响
水量
降低
x
增加

水质
降低
x
增加

水的回收/收集(径流、露水、雪等)
减少
x
改良

地表径流
增加
x
降低

多余水的排放
减少
x
改良

地下水位/含水层
下降
x
补水

蒸发
增加
x
降低

土壤水分
降低
x
增加

土壤覆盖层
减少
x
改良

土壤流失
增加
x
降低

土壤堆积
降低
x
增加

土壤结壳/密封
增加
x
减少

土壤压实
增加
x
减少

养分循环/补给
降低
x
增加

盐度
增加
x
降低

土壤有机物/地下C
降低
x
增加

酸度
增加
x
减少

植被覆盖层
降低
x
增加

生物量/地上C
降低
x
增加

植物多样性
降低
x
增加

外来入侵物种
增加
x
减少

动物多样性
降低
x
增加

有益物种(捕食者、蚯蚓、传粉者)
降低
x
增加

栖息地多样性
降低
x
增加

害虫/疾病控制
降低
x
增加

洪水影响
增加
x
降低

滑坡/泥石流
增加
x
降低

干旱影响
增加
x
降低

飓风、暴雨的影响
增加
x
降低

碳和温室气体的排放
增加
x
降低

火灾风险
增加
x
降低

风速
增加
x
降低

微气候
恶化
x
改良

场外影响
水的可用性(地下水、泉水)
降低
x
增加

旱季稳定可靠的水流(包括低流量)
减少
x
增加

下游洪水(不希望)
增加
x
减少

下游淤积
增加
x
降低

地下水/河流污染
增加
x
减少

缓冲/过滤能力(按土壤、植被、湿地划分)
减少
x
改良

风力搬运沉积物
增加
x
减少

对邻近农田的破坏
增加
x
减少

对公共/私人基础设施的破坏
增加
x
减少

温室气体的影响
增加
x
减少

成本效益分析

与技术建立成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

与技术维护成本相比的效益
短期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

长期回报
非常消极
x
非常积极

Land users to pay a 2,000 baht machinery as a long-term investment to operate for several years and pay the electric fee for water pumping but land users can have 10,800 THB and the revenue daily, monthly and annually and reduce costs in the household

气候变化

-

采用和适应

采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
  • 单例/实验
  • 1-10%
  • 11-50%
  • > 50%
在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
  • 0-10%
  • 11-50%
  • 51-90%
  • 91-100%
最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
什么样的变化条件?
  • 气候变化/极端气候
  • 不断变化的市场
  • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)
  • changing practice
Land users have modified water pump machine by use electric pump instead of a gasoline pump

结论和吸取的教训

长处: 土地使用者的观点
  • Reduce soil salinity
  • Save money by bringing rice and vegetables grown into household food.
  • Increase sales revenue, rice, sugarcane, pineapple, Papyrus, banana, lemongrass, galangal, chili, and sweet bamboo.
  • Save money by bringing rice and vegetables grown into household food.
长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
  • Pumping water from shallow wells for agricultural use, can reduce groundwater table and prevent salinity that is a great measure on land degradation mitigation
  • The land user can have food from plant production from their farms. The land user can reduce household expenses. Left to sell, resulting in a daily, monthly and annual income and make a better life.
  • Biodiversity enhancement, there are many plants and living things such as earthworms, birds, fish, frogs, and insects. This is resulting in a balanced ecosystem.
弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
  • After one year of shallow wells implemented, land users must take care and maintain shallow wells as usual. Make an agreement on taking care of shallow wells after implemented.
  • None To inform LDD when something is wrong
弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
  • Other land users who are not participating. will not get knowledge about the use of shallow well to reduce the level of underground water. LDD staff / Land users participating in the project to advise or educate other farmers on how to join the project.

参考文献

编制者
  • Kaewjai Oechaiyaphum
Editors
审查者
  • William Critchley
  • Pitayakon Limtong
  • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
  • Samran Sombatpanit
  • Joana Eichenberger
实施日期: Feb. 19, 2019
上次更新: Dec. 5, 2022
资源人
WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
链接的SLM数据
文件编制者
机构 项目
主要参考文献
  • Evaluate the project using water from shallow wells to prevent. Distribution of saline soil as farmers participate in Bua Yai District,Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Kamolthip Sasithorn: 2017: http://www.ldd.go.th
  • Study of groundwater level changes to rice production in an integrated saline soil development project area, Bua Yai District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Bowon Buakhao: 2017): http://www.ldd.go.th
链接到网络上可用的相关信息
This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareaAlike 4.0 International