Members of the Rangeland Management Association actively engaged in reseeding local fodder species to restore and sustain the rangeland ecosystem. (Gul Nabi Khan)

Reseeding local fodder species in Bamyan rangelands using indigenous and scientific methods (阿富汗)

کاشت انواع علوفه جات محلی در علفچرهای بامیان با استفاده از رویشهای های بومی و علمی

描述

Artificial reseeding is a key method for restoring degraded rangelands. It involves reintroducing native, palatable fodder species to improve vegetation cover, soil health, and biodiversity. This process boosts forage for grazing animals, stabilizes soil, and helps combat desertification, enhancing ecosystem health and productivity.

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) project of “Community-based sustainable land and forest management in Afghanistan” aimed to conserve vegetation cover and ecosystems through introducing community-based sustainable land and forest management (SLM/SFM) practices in rangeland and forest areas within five targeted provinces, including Bamyan, that benefited rural communities that rely on these ecosystems for their livelihood. The project introduced an integrated, community-based approach of SLM/SFM in Afghanistan for promoting biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and rangeland productivity.

To enhance rangeland productivity in Bamyan province, artificial reseeding of native, locally adapted, and drought-resistant fodder species plays a vital role in restoring health and productivity of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil quality, and increasing fodder availability for livestock, which contributed to local livelihoods and environmental resilience.

Communities carefully identify highly vulnerable and degraded rangelands for reseeding initiatives. These include previously rain-fed wheat fields cultivated for human consumption, overgrazed sites, and areas with restricted grazing to support vegetation recovery before reseeding. Attention is also given to areas prone to snow avalanches and flash floods causing landslides and soil erosion, which impact downstream residential areas, irrigation systems, trails, roads, and farmlands. These zones are prioritized and mutually agreed upon for reseeding and restoration efforts.

This reseeding local fodder species technology involves several key activities.

1.Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users.
2.Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species to collect quality seeds.
3.Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area.
4.Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds: Through project intervention and awareness campaigns, rural residents have gained a better understanding of the seed ripening, collecting, and cultivation stages.
5.Collecting, drying, and storing seed: The fodder species’ seeds are collected manually by hand. These fodder species produce longer main stems with inflorescence and spikelets on the top at an average person's breast height. Collected seed is brought to the storing facility and laid out under sunlight for drying. Once seed reaches a certain moisture content, it's stored in a cool and dry place until the day of reseeding under the direct supervision of the rangeland management association (RMA).
6.Season of reseeding local fodder seed: Reseeding activities typically begin in the autumn season, just before the first snowfall. Seeds remain in the soil throughout the winter, allowing them to overcome dormancy and germinate in the spring of the following year. Local fodder species used for reseeding include various Fennel species and other plants traditionally relied upon for winter fodder. These include: Umbelliferae ferulus (Gheghu), Winklera silaifolia (Pali), Prangos sp. (Kami), Ferula sp. (Badran), Rheum spp. (Chukri), Koeleria cristata (Khola), a shrub locally known as Qarghna.
7.Method of Reseeding: The inter and intra-row space between seeding pits (max. 2-3 seeds in one pit) depends on the slope of the terrain, canopy of the fodder, and extent of vegetation cover. If the % slope of the terrain is increasing and canopy of planted species is small, then the space between two rows and two plants decreases and vice versa. Normally, the space between two rows is 1-1.5 m and two plants are about 40-60 cms apart. On the day of reseeding, some land users dig small pits using a hoe and shovel approximately five centimeters deep, followed by another person who puts seeds in the pit and covers the seed with soil using his own boot. The distance between pits is estimated through a person's step. One person reseeds 3.5 kgs of seed per working day. Roughly, a total of 15 kgs of fodder seed is needed for 1 ha of rangeland. It's worth mentioning that the quantity of seed per ha depends on the space between rows and plants and the size of the fodder seed itself.

The seeds are collected using the cash-for-work model. This served (i) to provide income support to poor, vulnerable men and women through short-term employment and (ii) to rehabilitate public assets (rangelands) that are vital for sustaining the livelihoods of livestock rearing. Both men and women-headed vulnerable households benefited from the cash-for-work program of seed collection. More importantly, these fodder species’ seeds are fresh, locally adapted, nutritious for livestock (help fatten livestock), available locally, and inexpensive compared to other types of fodder seed. The germination percentage of the seed and growth of the fodder is significantly high in the reseeded area.

Traditionally, rural communities knew that fodder crops grew from seeds; however, the main stems with inflorescences and spikelets were harvested before maturity and used as fuelwood for heating and cooking. Through awareness-raising campaigns and training workshops within the project, farmers were encouraged to leave the main stems intact for seed maturation, allowing for natural seed dispersal and seed collection for reseeding. The success of natural reseeding is limited compared to artificial reseeding due to several factors. In natural reseeding, seeds are often exposed and not covered by soil, making them vulnerable to environmental conditions. Moisture availability may also be insufficient for germination, and existing vegetation can compete with new growth. In contrast, artificial reseeding ensures that seeds are properly covered, protected, and placed in areas with optimal moisture, which increases the likelihood of successful germination and establishment. Recently, the demand for the local fodder seed has dramatically increased because many non-profit organizations and private businesses are purchasing these seeds. It created a new source of income for the rural communities.

Finally, the technology combines both traditional knowledge and scientific understanding, contributing to more effective restoration of the degraded rangeland ecosystem, improving soil health, and increasing fodder availability, which contributed to livelihood resilience and improvement.

地点

地点: Punjab and Yakawalang districts, Bamyan, 阿富汗

分析的技术场所数量: 10-100个场所

选定地点的地理参考
  • 66.97805, 34.61111
  • 66.97783, 34.61121
  • 67.01033, 34.61149
  • 66.82883, 34.62109
  • 66.88161, 34.79239
  • 66.99602, 34.6162
  • 66.81328, 34.70845
  • 66.99691, 34.34084
  • 67.15063, 34.36734
  • 67.18082, 34.38401
  • 67.10792, 34.41338
  • 66.9622, 34.58658
  • 66.98435, 34.60009
  • 66.97794, 34.61083
  • 66.97805, 34.61111

技术传播: 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

在永久保护区?:

实施日期: 2021

介绍类型
Collection of local fodder Umbelliferae ferulus (Gheghu) seeds at their maturity stage. (Gul Nabi Khan)
Reseeding process, where 2–3 seeds are carefully placed into each pit. (Gul Nabi Khan)

技术分类

主要目的
  • 改良生产
  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 保护生态系统
  • 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
  • 保持/提高生物多样性
  • 降低灾害风险
  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 减缓气候变化及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响
土地利用
同一土地单元内混合使用的土地: 否

  • 牧场
    • 半游牧畜牧业
    • 改良牧场
    • Direct grazing and remaining fodder is cut for animal feeding
    动物类型: 牛 - 奶制品, 山羊, 绵羊
    是否实行作物与牲畜的综合管理?: 否
    产品和服务: 肉类, 奶类, 毛料
      品种计数
      绵羊647703
      山羊250869
      牛 - 奶制品165274
    供水
    • 雨养
    • 混合雨水灌溉
    • 充分灌溉

    土地退化相关的目的
    • 防止土地退化
    • 减少土地退化
    • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
    • 适应土地退化
    • 不适用
    解决的退化问题
    • 土壤水蚀 - Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀 , Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀 , Wm:块体运动/滑坡
    • 生物性退化 - Bc:植被覆盖的减少, Bh:栖息地丧失, Bq:数量/生物量减少, Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
    SLM组
    • 区域封闭(停止使用,支持恢复)
    • 畜牧业和牧场管理
    • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
    • rangeland restoration
    SLM措施
    • 植物措施 - V2:草和多年生草本植物
    • 管理措施 - M1:改变土地使用类型

    技术图纸

    技术规范
    General specifications of the technology:
    1. Local fodder crops, such as species from the Ferula and Prangos genera, are well-suited to semi-arid conditions due to their drought and cold resistance.
    2. A moderate slope of 10-25% is ideal for reseeding.
    3. On such slopes, the recommended distance between two rows is 1-1.5 meters, while the spacing between two seeding pits should be 0.40-0.60 meters. The spacing between pits can be estimated using a person’s step. The depth of each pit should be approximately 0.05 meters.
    4.The width of the pit is determined by a single strike with a hoe or mattock.
    5. The distance between rows and plants can vary depending on the slope, soil type, vegetation cover, and canopy size of the fodder crop. For steeper slopes or species with small canopies, the spacing between rows and plants should be reduced, and vice versa.
    6.Small pits for planting are dug using tools such as hoes or mattocks.
    7. 2-3 seeds are placed in each pit.
    8. The seeds are covered with soil using a person's foot, boot, or a similar implement.
    9. Approximately 15 kilograms of seed are required per hectare for reseeding using this technology.
    10. It is important to note that the quantity of seed required per hectare depends on the spacing between rows and plants, as well as the size of the seed.
    Author: Ms. Samira Yarzadeh and Mr. Sayed Habibullah Fatimi

    技术建立与维护:活动、投入和费用

    投入和成本的计算
    • 计算的成本为:每个技术区域 (尺寸和面积单位:539 hectares
    • 成本计算使用的货币:AFN
    • 汇率(换算为美元):1 美元 = 69.0 AFN
    • 雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:350 AFN
    影响成本的最重要因素
    The most important factors affecting the costs are the seed of local fodder types and their availability during the growing season, as well as the cost of rangers patrolling the technology area.
    技术建立活动
    1. Identification of locally adapted drought-resistant and palatable fodder species by livestock owners and land users. (时间/频率: April and May)
    2. Identification of highly producing areas of selected fodder species for seed collection. (时间/频率: June and July)
    3. Defer grazing and delay fodder harvest for the purpose of seed maturity in the targeted area. (时间/频率: June, July, August and September)
    4. Awareness raising about the maturity stages of different fodder species seeds: (时间/频率: August and September)
    5. Collecting, drying, and storing seed (时间/频率: September)
    6. Sites identification for reseeding (时间/频率: September)
    7. Mobilization of community members for reseeding campaign (时间/频率: September and October)
    8. Reseeding: Transporting seed and agricultural tools to the area, preparation of field, digging planting pits, reseeding and covering the seed. (时间/频率: October and November)
    9. Control grazing in the next growing season (时间/频率: April, May, June, July (following year))
    技术建立的投入和成本 (per 539 hectares)
    对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (AFN) 每项投入的总成本 (AFN) 土地使用者承担的成本%
    劳动力
    Collecting of local fodder seed (Kami, Ghegho, Chukri, Khola, Badra, Qarghana) person-days 5.0 350.0 1750.0
    Drying and storing of local fodder seed person-days 3.0 350.0 1050.0
    Reseeding of local fodder seed in rangeland person-days 8.0 350.0 2800.0 100.0
    设备
    Pit digging equipment i.e., shovel, hoe, pick mattock no. 5.0 250.0 1250.0 100.0
    Plastic bags for collecting seed (reusable) pieces 3.0 20.0 60.0 100.0
    技术建立所需总成本 6'910.0
    技术建立总成本,美元 100.14
    技术维护活动
    1. Control grazing and fodder harvesting (时间/频率: 12 months/ annually)
    2. Restrict cutting perennial shrubs for forage, firewood and their uprooting (时间/频率: 12 months/ annually)
    3. Reseeding is done in the pits where there was no germination. (时间/频率: Growing season/ once a year)
    4. Conduct workshops and awareness raising for herders on SLM. (时间/频率: Growing season/ twice a year)
    技术维护的投入和成本 (per 539 hectares)
    对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 (AFN) 每项投入的总成本 (AFN) 土地使用者承担的成本%
    劳动力
    Community members, acting as rangers, patrol the area to control grazing, fodder collection, and shrub harvesting person-day 240.0 200.0 48000.0 100.0
    Reseeding of pits where there was no germination. person-day 2.0 350.0 700.0 100.0
    Conduct awareness raising for herders on SLM. no. 3.0 3000.0 9000.0
    技术维护所需总成本 57'700.0
    技术维护总成本,美元 836.23

    自然环境

    年平均降雨量
    • < 250毫米
    • 251-500毫米
    • 501-750毫米
    • 751-1,000毫米
    • 1,001-1,500毫米
    • 1,501-2,000毫米
    • 2,001-3,000毫米
    • 3,001-4,000毫米
    • > 4,000毫米
    农业气候带
    • 潮湿的
    • 半湿润
    • 半干旱
    • 干旱
    关于气候的规范
    以毫米为单位计算的年平均降雨量:150.0
    The average annual rainfall in Bamyan, Afghanistan, is relatively low, as the region is characterized by a semi-arid to arid climate. On average it is around 100–150 mm annually.
    Most of the precipitation occurs during the spring season (March to May) and occasionally in the early summer. Snowfall is common in the winter months due to Bamyan's high elevation (about 2,500-3,000 meters above sea level), contributing to water availability through snowmelt in spring and summer seasons.
    气象站名称:World weather online
    The mean annual temperature in Bamyan varies around 6–8°C (43–46°F). The region experiences a wide temperature range throughout the year due to its high-altitude and semi-arid climate. Bamyan winters are very cold and snowy, while summers are hot and dry.
    Winter (December–February): Extremely cold, with average temperatures ranging from -10°C to -15°C (14°F to 5°F). Nights can be even colder, with temperatures dropping below -30°C (-4°F).
    Summer (June–August): Relatively mild, with average daytime temperatures around 20–25°C (68–77°F). Nights remain cool due to the high altitude.
    Spring and Autumn: Transition seasons with moderate temperatures, ranging from 5–15°C (41–59°F).
    斜坡
    • 水平(0-2%)
    • 缓降(3-5%)
    • 平缓(6-10%)
    • 滚坡(11-15%)
    • 崎岖(16-30%)
    • 陡峭(31-60%)
    • 非常陡峭(>60%)
    地形
    • 高原/平原
    • 山脊
    • 山坡
    • 山地斜坡
    • 麓坡
    • 谷底
    海拔
    • 0-100 m a.s.l.
    • 101-500 m a.s.l.
    • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
    • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
    • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
    • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
    • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
    • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
    • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
    ......应用的技术
    • 凸形情况
    • 凹陷情况
    • 不相关
    土壤深度
    • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
    • 浅(21-50厘米)
    • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
    • 深(81-120厘米)
    • 非常深(> 120厘米)
    土壤质地(表土)
    • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
    • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
    • 细粒/重质(粘土)
    土壤质地(地表以下>20厘米)
    • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
    • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
    • 细粒/重质(粘土)
    表土有机质含量
    • 高(>3%)
    • 中(1-3%)
    • 低(<1%)
    地下水位
    • 表面上
    • < 5米
    • 5-50米
    • > 50米
    地表水的可用性
    • 过量
    • 中等
    • 匮乏/没有
    水质(未处理)
    • 良好饮用水
    • 不良饮用水(需要处理)
    • 仅供农业使用(灌溉)
    • 不可用
    水质请参考: 地下水
    盐度是个问题吗?

    洪水发生
    物种多样性
    • 中等
    栖息地多样性
    • 中等

    应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

    市场定位
    • 生计(自给)
    • 混合(生计/商业)
    • 商业/市场
    非农收入
    • 低于全部收入的10%
    • 收入的10-50%
    • > 收入的50%
    相对财富水平
    • 非常贫瘠
    • 贫瘠
    • 平均水平
    • 丰富
    • 非常丰富
    机械化水平
    • 手工作业
    • 畜力牵引
    • 机械化/电动
    定栖或游牧
    • 定栖的
    • 半游牧的
    • 游牧的
    个人或集体
    • 个人/家庭
    • 团体/社区
    • 合作社
    • 员工(公司、政府)
    性别
    • 女人
    • 男人
    年龄
    • 儿童
    • 青年人
    • 中年人
    • 老年人
    每户使用面积
    • < 0.5 公顷
    • 0.5-1 公顷
    • 1-2 公顷
    • 2-5公顷
    • 5-15公顷
    • 15-50公顷
    • 50-100公顷
    • 100-500公顷
    • 500-1,000公顷
    • 1,000-10,000公顷
    • > 10,000公顷
    规模
    • 小规模的
    • 中等规模的
    • 大规模的
    土地所有权
    • 公司
    • 社区/村庄
    • 团体
    • 个人,未命名
    • 个人,有命名
    土地使用权
    • 自由进入(无组织)
    • 社区(有组织)
    • 租赁
    • 个人
    用水权
    • 自由进入(无组织)
    • 社区(有组织)
    • 租赁
    • 个人
    进入服务和基础设施的通道
    健康

    贫瘠
    x
    教育

    贫瘠
    x
    技术援助

    贫瘠
    x
    就业(例如非农)

    贫瘠
    x
    市场

    贫瘠
    x
    能源

    贫瘠
    x
    道路和交通

    贫瘠
    x
    饮用水和卫生设施

    贫瘠
    x
    金融服务

    贫瘠
    x
    注释

    Access to services and infrastructure in Bamyan Province is limited due to its remote location and mountainous terrain. Basic services such as healthcare, education, and clean water are available but often insufficient, particularly in rural areas. Infrastructure like roads and electricity is underdeveloped.

    影响

    社会经济影响
    饲料生产
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 560 Kg/hectare
    SLM之后的数量: 1050 kg/hectare
    The fodder production per hectare in Bamyan’s rangelands varies significantly based on land conditions and management practices. In rehabilitated rangelands, such as those supported by FAO projects, forage production enhanced through reseeding and rotational grazing strategies.

    畜牧生产
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 6 litters milk/cow/day
    SLM之后的数量: 12 litters milk/cow/day
    The integration of indigenous and scientific fodder production techniques (reseeding of local fodder) and availability of nutritious fodder has boosted both health and livestock productivity sustainably.

    生产区域(耕种/使用中的新土地)
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 0
    SLM之后的数量: 539 hectares
    The fodder producing area has been increased from zero to hunderd hectares of rangeland.

    饮用水的可用性
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 5 liters/minute (discharge of spring)
    SLM之后的数量: 11 liters/minute (discharge of spring)
    Reseeding and improving vegetation cover on rangelands significantly enhanced the infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt, ultimately benefiting underground water reserves and increasing the availability of animal drinking points, irrigation water and drinking water sources such as spring.

    家畜用水的可用性
    降低
    x
    增加

    灌溉用水的可用性
    降低
    x
    增加

    收入来源的多样性
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: Potato cultivation and Livestock
    SLM之后的数量: Potato cultivation, livestock and seed collection
    RMA members now harvest fodder seeds once they reach maturity and sell them in the market, contributing to both local livelihoods (income) and the sustainability of rangeland management.

    社会文化影响
    社区机构
    削弱
    x
    加强

    SLM之前的数量: Zero community institution
    SLM之后的数量: 7 rangeland management associations (RMAs)
    The community institutions in the area are primarily organized as Rangeland Management Associations (RMAs).

    SLM/土地退化知识
    减少
    x
    改良

    SLM之前的数量: Zero capacity building workshop
    SLM之后的数量: Capacity of 10,000 RMA's member build.
    The capacity of RMA members is enhanced through training, community-based workshops, and awareness-raising initiatives focused on Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and Sustainable Forest Management (SFM).

    冲突缓解
    恶化
    x
    改良

    SLM之前的数量: 4 conflicts / village/year
    SLM之后的数量: 0 conflicts/village/year
    Increasing the quantity and availability of water and fodder helps reduce conflicts by addressing resource scarcity, which is often a source of tension. When communities have enough access to these essential resources, competition decreases, and cooperation can grow.

    生态影响
    土壤覆盖层
    减少
    x
    改良

    SLM之前的数量: 30-40%
    SLM之后的数量: 70-80%
    Reseeding improves soil cover, protecting it from erosion, stabilizing the soil, enhancing water retention, and restoring nutrients. This supports ecosystem recovery and promotes healthier soils and sustainable land use.

    土壤流失
    增加
    x
    降低

    SLM之前的数量: 40-50%
    SLM之后的数量: 0
    Soil loss varies depending on topography, land use, and management practices. Soil loss rates typically range between 2.2 to 38 tons per hectare per year (t/ha/year), depending on slope steepness and vegetation cover. Higher rates are observed in areas with steep terrain and minimal vegetation, while conservation practices can reduce these rates significantly.

    植被覆盖层
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 30-40%
    SLM之后的数量: 70-80%
    Reseeding improved vegetation coverage by introducing new plant seeds to degraded areas, promoting their regrowth and restoring ecosystems.

    生物量/地上C
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 0.2-2 Ton/hectare
    SLM之后的数量: 4-5 ton/hectare
    Reseeding local fodder seeds in rangelands enhances aboveground biomass carbon by increasing vegetation growth, which sequesters more carbon.

    植物多样性
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 5-15 species/species/square meter
    SLM之后的数量: 15-25 species/species/square meter
    Plant diversity is relatively high, featuring a variety of native grasses, shrubs, and medicinal plants adapted to the region's arid and semi-arid conditions. The plant diversity can vary widely depending on factors like altitude, grazing pressure, and management practices.

    有益物种(捕食者、蚯蚓、传粉者)
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 0
    SLM之后的数量: 2-5 species/ technology area
    Bees and birds

    洪水影响
    增加
    x
    降低

    SLM之前的数量: 2-3 floods / year
    SLM之后的数量: 0 floods/year
    Reseeding reduces flooding by establishing vegetation cover that stabilizes the soil, enhances water infiltration, and slows surface runoff, thus decreasing the volume and velocity of water that can lead to floods.

    滑坡/泥石流
    增加
    x
    降低

    SLM之前的数量: 50,000 m3/winter season
    SLM之后的数量: 5000 m3/winter season
    Reseeding helps reduce landslides by promoting the growth of vegetation, the roots bind soil particles together, increasing slope stability and reducing soil erosion caused by water runoff and snow fall.

    干旱影响
    增加
    x
    降低

    SLM之前的数量: 560 Kg/hectare (fodder yield)
    SLM之后的数量: 1050 kg/hectare (fodder yield)
    Reseeding of different fodder species enhances soil moisture retention, reduce surface evaporation, and improve water infiltration.

    场外影响
    水的可用性(地下水、泉水)
    降低
    x
    增加

    SLM之前的数量: 5 liters/minute (discharge of spring)
    SLM之后的数量: 11 liters/minute (discharge of spring)
    Reseeding and improving vegetation cover enhanced the infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt, ultimately benefiting ground water recharge and increasing water availability: animal drinking points, irrigation water and drinking water sources such as springs.

    下游洪水(不希望)
    增加
    x
    减少

    SLM之前的数量: 2-3 floods/year
    SLM之后的数量: 0 floods/year
    Vegetation cover stabilizes the soil, enhances water infiltration, and slows surface runoff, thus decreasing the volume and velocity of water that can lead downstream floodsing and damage.

    下游淤积
    增加
    x
    降低

    SLM之前的数量: 2-3 floods/year
    SLM之后的数量: 0 floods/year
    Reseeding helps reduce downstream siltation and river water pollution by stabilizing the soil, preventing erosion, and promoting the growth of vegetation that intercepts and filters runoff.

    缓冲/过滤能力(按土壤、植被、湿地划分)
    减少
    x
    改良


    Reseeding helped increase buffering and filtering capacity by reintroducing vegetation that acts as a natural barrier against pollutants and runoff. The plant roots stabilize the soil, reducing erosion, while the vegetation cover slows water movement, allowing it to infiltrate the ground.

    对邻近农田的破坏
    增加
    x
    减少

    SLM之前的数量: 2-3 floods/year
    SLM之后的数量: 0 floods/year
    Reseeding and better soil cover helped reduce flash flood damage to neighboring agricultural fields downstream.

    温室气体的影响
    增加
    x
    减少

    SLM之前的数量: 0.5-2 tons of sequestered CO₂/ hectare annually
    SLM之后的数量: 3-4 tons of sequestered CO₂/ hectare annually
    Reseeding reduces greenhouse gases by enhancing carbon sequestration in plants and soil, while also minimizing emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from degraded areas.

    成本效益分析

    与技术建立成本相比的效益
    短期回报
    非常消极
    x
    非常积极

    长期回报
    非常消极
    x
    非常积极

    与技术维护成本相比的效益
    短期回报
    非常消极
    x
    非常积极

    长期回报
    非常消极
    x
    非常积极

    Reseeding Bamyan rangelands requires investment in seeds, labor, and maintenance, but provides long-term benefits like better vegetation, soil stability, and carbon sequestration. It improves grazing, reduces flood and erosion risks, and helps mitigate climate impacts. The ecological and economic gains outweigh the initial costs.

    气候变化

    渐变气候
    年温度 减少

    非常不好
    x
    非常好
    年降雨量 增加

    非常不好
    x
    非常好
    气候有关的极端情况(灾害)
    干旱

    非常不好
    x
    非常好
    山洪暴发

    非常不好
    x
    非常好
    滑坡

    非常不好
    x
    非常好
    雪崩

    非常不好
    x
    非常好

    采用和适应

    采用该技术的地区内土地使用者的百分比
    • 单例/实验
    • 1-10%
    • 11-50%
    • > 50%
    在所有采用这种技术的人当中,有多少人在没有获得物质奖励的情况下采用了这种技术?
    • 0-10%
    • 11-50%
    • 51-90%
    • 91-100%
    最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件?
    什么样的变化条件?
    • 气候变化/极端气候
    • 不断变化的市场
    • 劳动力可用性(例如,由于迁移)

    结论和吸取的教训

    长处: 土地使用者的观点
    • Enhances the availability of high-quality forage, leading to better livestock health and productivity.
    • Restores degraded land which increasing grazing rangeland area.
    • Alternative source of income through temporary employment.
    • It's easy to adopt and many pastoral communities have already replicated.
    • It requires locally available seeds, labor, and traditional knowledge, making it cost-effective and practical for communities to implement.
    • Community members choose palatable, nutritious and drought resistant fodder species which enhance their livestock production.
    长处: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点
    • Reseeded areas help control soil erosion and improve soil fertility through vegetation cover.
    • Improved biodiversity through the reintroduction of native species.
    • Reseeding supports carbon sequestration and contributes to climate resilience and adaptation.
    • The technology involved local communities which ensures better understanding, ownership, replication and sustainability of the process.
    • Local or indigenous species used in reseeding are well-adapted to local conditions, increasing the likelihood of successful germination and growth.
    • Through training and awareness raising, now community members are allowing fodder to grow until seeds are fully mature ensures effective seed production (collection) and natural dispersal, aiding in rangeland regeneration and biodiversity improvement.
    • Alternative income through employment in local fodder seed collection and sales.
    弱点/缺点/风险: 土地使用者的观点如何克服
    • Reseeding requires an initial investment in establishing a rangeland management association, seeds and labor. By establishing RMA and mobilizing community members to contribute and seek funding from governments, NGOs, or international organizations.
    • Control grazing: Livestock grazing in reseeded areas can damage young plants, reducing effectiveness. Require an agreement with community to control grazing in the area. Also, implement rotational grazing systems and fencing to protect reseeded areas until vegetation is established.
    • Benefits from reseeding take time to return, potentially discouraging land users seeking quick results. Identify alternative grazing area. Provide short-term solution of supplemental feed to address immediate needs.
    弱点/缺点/风险: 编制者或其他关键资源人员的观点如何克服
    • Implementing reseeding may limit access to grazing lands temporarily, potentially causing disputes among land users, especially in areas with shared resources. Agreement of all land users is required.
    • Reseeding success is highly dependent on favorable weather conditions. Drought or erratic rainfall can lead to poor germination and growth. Explore the potential to integrate rainwater harvesting structures in future reseeding activities

    参考文献

    编制者
    • Gul Nabi Khan Noorani
    Editors
    • Mir Wali Khan Lakanwal
    • Mohammad Mustafa Sahebzada
    审查者
    • Rima Mekdaschi Studer
    实施日期: Nov. 13, 2024
    上次更新: Jan. 27, 2025
    资源人
    WOCAT数据库中的完整描述
    链接的SLM数据
    文件编制者
    机构 项目
    主要参考文献
    • The Status of Forage Production in Afghanistan: Forage Options for Smallholder Livestock in Water-Scarce Environments of Afghanistan. Ates, S., Hassan, S., Soofizada, Q., Biradar, C., Esmati, H., & Louhaichi, M. (2018).: https://research.aciar.gov.au/aik-saath/sites/_co-lab.aciar.gov.au.aik-saath/files/2020-08/ICARDA%20forage%20Afghanistan_0.pdf
    • FAO brings life to degraded rangeland thanks to GEF funding. FAO, 2022: https://www.fao.org/afghanistan/news/detail-events/en/c/1505486/
    • Community-based Sustainable Land and Forest Management in Afghanistan,: https://www.thegef.org/projects-operations/projects/9285
    • An introductory guide to sources of traditional fodder and forage and usage, Anthony Fitzherbert, 2014: https://www.acbar.org/upload/1493193872857.pdf
    链接到网络上可用的相关信息
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