1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

VU University Amsterdam (VU University Amsterdam) - 荷兰

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Tata Energy Research Institute TERI (Tata Energy Research Institute TERI) - 印度

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 SLM技术问卷的参考

2.1 该方法的简要说明

Joint forest management is a community based program developed in collaboration with the forest department for the protection and management of local forests while providing incentives to the local communities with political and institutional support from the state.

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

Aims / objectives: Joint forest management (JFM) in India emerged in the 1980s from community initiatives in forest protection. It is an approach that leads to environmental and production benefits through community co-operation in natural resource management. State-supported JFM in Haryana began in 1990 when the Haryana State Government signed an agreement with The Energy and Resources Institute (formerly TERI: Tata Energy Research Institute) - underpinned by financial support from the Ford Foundation - to help establish Hill Resource Management Societies (HRMS). These state sponsored, village level societies are key to the success of JFM, and their links to the State Forest Department are crucial.

Methods: The founding principles of HRMS include appropriate social composition, accountability and conflict resolution and are open to all members of the village communities regardless of gender or caste. Management committees are elected, and each must include at least two women. The HRMS oversee forest catchment management activities by villagers, arrange distribution of irrigation water (where applicable) and liaise with the State Forest Department and TERI. Hill Resource Management Societies derive income from non-timber forest products - particularly from sales of bhabbar grass (used for rope making) - and from water use charges. This income is managed by the HRMS and used for village development and community welfare. Where there is a water harvesting dam all members have the right to claim an equal share of the water, irrespective of whether they have land to irrigate or not.

Stages of implementation: The JFM program was implemented in Thaska with assistance from TERI from 1990 until 2003 where 342 ha of state owned forests were managed. In 2003 TERI, the implementing NGO formally pulled out of Thaska and from 2004 to 2007 there was a gap where JFM continued in the village on its own. In 2007, TERI in partnership with IUCN implemented ‘The Livelihoods and Landscape Strategy’ (LLS) in four villages, including Thaska.

Role of stakeholders: The stakeholders are the villagers, the Haryana forest department and the participating NGOs, in this case TERI. Within villages where JFM is implemented, all adult members (men and women) are eligible for membership within the HRMS. In India, and particularly Haryana, one of the major factors inhibiting women’s participation in JFM activities is the traditional role of women society and attitudes towards them. Women are often marginalized in villages such as Thaska. Thanks to the efforts of the forest department and TERI over the last two decades, the women are more empowered today and attend the HRMS meetings. JFM benefits people with land the most and landless people tend to lose out on such schemes. There is a provision for equal share of water to landless in Thaska. Even though rules for inclusion of water share for landless exist, these are currently not in practice.

2.3 该方法的照片

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

2.7 方法的类型

• 基于项目/方案

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (Water harvesting, provision of NTFPs to boost incomes. Mainly related to economic activities.)

Develop democratic and powerful Hill Resource Management Societies. - protect the forest land, by means of local participatory governance, and thereby improve the flow of forest products. - boost agricultural productivity through irrigation in village fields from dams in the protected catchments

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The main basic problem to be confronted was lack of control over the degradation of forest in the Shivalik Hills which was leading to erosion and siltation of water bodies and a lack of forest products/grazing. - There was no community organization established to address these issues on land that was handed over to the village for management by the Forest Department. Clear felling for agriculture, increasing grazing pressure from large herds of cattle coupled with forest fires and reckless felling replaced the dense forests of Shivaliks by bare hills with thorny bushes. The result was severe erosion on the hills (700T7ha/year) causing serious siltation in lakes/rivers and also affecting agricultural productivity, the primary source of livelihood of the area.

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段

	当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与	指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机	被动	Land users participated in awareness raising campaigns and public meetings
计划	被动	Land users were consulted and provided information for baseline and feasibility studies, and wealth ranking; Various participatory (PRA) tools like FGDs, survey, pair wise ranking / scoring were used
实施	互动	Land users responsible for most implementation activities, including provision of labor; Land users were the main agents and TERI played a facilitator role.
监测/评估	被动	Data / observations for recording changes collected from the land users directly.
Research	被动	Studies carried out using various participatory (PRA) tools like FGDs, survey, pair wise ranking / scoring by TERI with people participation.

3.3 流程图（如可用）

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:

• 主要是SLM专家，咨询土地使用者之后

解释:

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训？:

是

明确受训人员:

• 土地使用者

如果相关，请说明性别、年龄、地位、种族等。:

Women self help groups (SHGs)

培训形式:

• 公开会议
• 课程

涵盖的主题:

SHGs: Capacity building, saving money, and generating additional income. HRMS – awareness raising of existing services and training regarding daily functioning of HRMS, record maintenance, etc., TERI was involved in training the forest department under the JFM program, but those activities were stopped after 2004.

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗？:

是

说明/注释:

Name of method used for advisory service: Provide support to the HRMS and the SHG; Key elements: Improve day to day functioning to improve transparency and increase participation. , Support record maintenance.

Advisory service is inadequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Land users are aware of their responsibilities to maintain and repair existing SWC structures but need more training and support from the forest department or NGOs in order to carry out these activities.

4.3 机构强化（组织发展）

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构？:

• 是，非常

具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:

• 本地

具体说明支持类型:

• 能力建设/培训

提供进一步细节:

The local institutions have been supported through training and capacity building over the last two decades.

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗？:

是

注释:

bio-physical aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through measurements

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

area treated aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through observations

no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

management of Approach aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: There were several changes in the approach. Internal reviews are carried out every one or two years: there have been several changes proposed and carried out as a result. These changes were in aspects of sharing water irrigation, and in methods of utilizing income derived from forest products - especially bhabbar grass (Eulaliopsis binata).

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

是

明确话题:

• 社会学
• 经济/市场营销
• 生态学
• 技术

提供进一步的细节，并指出是谁做的研究:

Research was carried out by TERI covering various aspects of the JFM program, the institutional set up, NTFP value chains, wealth ranking of the villages, etc., As LLS was an action research project, it involved a considerable amount of on-farm research. Some results were made available through TERI and by the Haryana forest department (HFD).

Research was carried out on-farm

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

注释（例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者）:

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (The government contributes in constructing SWC structures in the JFM forests. Maintenance and repair); international non-government (Ford foundation is no longer active in JFM and JFM does not receive any external funding in Haryana ); local community / land user(s) (Carry out maintenance and repair of the water harvesting and soil and water conservation structures.)

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持？:

是

5.3 对特定投入的补贴（包括劳动力）

• 设备

• 农业

• 基建

如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入，那么是不是:

• 自愿

注释:

Construction of dams and other soil conservation structures are undertaken by the local communities. Dam maintenance is carried out by the local community using the HRMS funds for the most part. For establishment of dams and infrastructure, labor is rewarded (up to 95%) with cash wages.

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值？:

是

对条件（利率、回报等）进行具体说明:

Interest rate charged: 2.0%; repayment conditions: SHG Women. The money contributed and saved by the SHG women is used for inter-loaning amongst themselves with an interest rate of 2% per month..

Interest was lower than market rate.

请具体指明信贷接收人:

Women from the self help groups

6.1 方法的影响

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施（无外部支持的情况下）？:

• 不确定

若否或不确定，请具体说明并予以注释:

Over the last decade the HRMS remained static, which resulted in a consequent weakening of the institution and a general loss of interest in the program. This could partially be due to the creation of other parallel institutions operating in the same village with no integration. This resulted in a duplication of efforts and and created tensions regarding rights and authority. Also, funding greatly reduced. Lack of funds have impeded the timely maintenance and repair of the technical structures

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The condition of managed forests has improved. Forests have regenerated and forest cover and tree density have improved. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Ensure that people are motivated to protect and manage their forests. )
The JFM program brought the forest department and the local communities closer. The FD and the local communities have learnt to work together and in many areas have a congenial working relationship. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue existing activities)

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Direct and indirect benefits of JFM through agriculture and livestock rearing, greatly improved income of participating families. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Better access to markets and training of value addition on NTFPs required.)
The institutional set up of JFM is strong in several villages. The HRMS function in a democratic manner and people are aware of their rights and responsibilities. For the participating members, the benefit sharing was considered fair and equitable. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue to build capacity of these institutions. Guide and support the HRMS to ensure that they continue to grow and function in a democratic manner. )
JFM had a tangible impact on tenure rights. The creation of HRMS established a healthy relationship between the FD and the local communities. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Make the JFM policy flexible – where JFM communities are performing well give them greater responsibilities and rights.)
Women and minorities are more empowered today, through schemes such as the creation of SHGs and participation in HRMS meetings. The creation of SHGs has given women access to micro credit. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continue to create awareness among women.)

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Incentives for participation are not sufficient. Local communities are concerned that the younger generation will continue these activities due to the dearth of incentives.	Land users in different villages have different needs from their forests. JFM policy needs to be reformed. Policy should be flexible to be able to tailor it to the specific needs of the land users to provide them with the appropriate incentives to ensure participation.
Women lack training/ tools to develop skills to engage in income generation activities	Conduct training sessions and distribute tools to women to allow them to engage in income generation activities.
Due to the improvement in forest quality the number of wild animals in these forests has increased. Recently animals are entering the agricultural fields and destroying the crops.	The villagers would like to fence the forest area, however carrying out enrichment planting in the forest by planting edible plants and shrubs and either constructing trenches around the forest or planting vegetative barriers that can reduce the movement of the animals to the village lands is recommended.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Huge gaps in market access and value addition for NTFPs.	Possible solutions included the removal of middle men, establishing links to the markets and training them for value addition of their products to boost their incomes.
Biodiversity of the forests is decreasing due to the spread of an invasive species, Lantana camara, that threatens to crowd out valuable species and is susceptible to forest fires.	Train land users in culling of Lantana camara as well as making NTFPs using the shrub. Engage in forest maintenance and clearance of paths to avoid forest fires.
Malfunctioning dams have instigated the proliferation of tube wells across the village, which threatens to lower the water table.	Ensure that sufficient funds are available to carry out regular dam maintenance and repair. Regulate tube wells by including permission for setting up tube wells in the joint management agreement.
Multiple programs that set up parallel institutions for resource management means less attention is paid to existing institutions and results in the inefficient utilization of resources.	There is a need to synergize and focus on the goals of these programs rather than the means of implementation.
Funding for JFM has drastically reduced.	There is an opportunity to merge JFM activities with regional, national and international programs to channel funds through JFM committees for forest related activities.
Participation of women is still passive.	Continue to create awareness among women.

7.1 方法/信息来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

IBRAD (2006). Study on effectiveness and functioning of joint forest management committees in India. A project of National Afforestation and Eco-development Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Conducted by Indian Institute of Bio-Social Research & Development (IBRAD), Kolkata, India

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

ISFR (2009). India State of Forest Report 2009 – Haryana. Forest Survey of India. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Retrieved from <http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/haryana.pdf> on June 21 2011

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kanetkar, R.S., Varalakshmi, V. (1994). Women in Godam - Haryana: A gender and caste based study on conservation of forest resources. Joint forest management series no. 13. Haryana forest department and Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kaul, O.N., Dwivedi, B.N., Shah, V. (1995 a). Ecological revival of Haryana Siwaliks through community participation. Joint Forest Management series no. 17. Haryana forest department and Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi