方法

Natural Resource Mangement Group [不丹]

  • 创建:
  • 更新:
  • 编制者:
  • 编辑者:
  • 审查者:

Rangzhing Nitang Sunchop Tshogpa (Dzongkha)

approaches_2492 - 不丹

完整性: 86%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人员

SLM专业人员:
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
MoA (MoA) - 不丹
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
National Soil Services Centre (National Soil Services Centre) - 不丹

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

23/03/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM方法的描述

2.1 该方法的简要说明

Natural Resource Management Group consisting of village representatives to advocate, plan and implement SLM activities at geog level

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

Aims / objectives: The Natural Resource Management (NRM) Group was formally established in Radhi geog in 2000 with representatives from all 20 chiogs of the geog. The main tasks of the group are to :1)mobilise local communities in rehabilitating and protecting natural resources from further degradation and 2) to support geog administration, RNR staff and other agencies in planning, implementing and monitoring sustainable natural resource management activities. Radhi geog in Trashigang Dzongkhag, East-Bhutan, has been confronted with severe land degradation as a result of unsustainable land management practices, such as deforestation, overgrazing and poor irrigation water management. The land degradation processes are related to high population pressure and a series of conflicts between chiogs and with neighbouring geogs about use and access to natural resources. Various stakeholders, engaged with reduction and mitigation of land degradation in Radhi, felt the need for a local institution, which should play a pivotal role in advocacy of sustainable management of natural resources. The group was also intended to assist in implementing remedial and preventive measures at village level.



Methods: The NRM group fulfilled a key role in the afforestation program for the Radhi wa-tershed, in particular the very active Chongdiri ravine, which has caused wide-spread loss of arable land and forced resettlement of households, because of a very active landslide area. The chiog representatives, united in the NRM group, mobilized villagers to actively participate in the afforestation and fencing of the buffer zone. This zone was created to arrest the critical land degradation and change unsustainable land management practices, such as free grazing cattle and irrigated paddy cultivation in an active mass movement area.

Seed money was provided to establish a group fund to provide small-scale loans to households for agricultural inputs in order to overcome existing credit access constraints. The intention was to enhance the viability and sustainability of the NRM Group.

Stages of implementation: Over the last 5 years approximately 250 loans have been disbursed of about US$60 each. The NRM group has a loose umbrella function at geog level over a number of sub-groups at chiog level, related to private forestry, community forestry, bamboo and rice marketing, water user associations and land man-agement. The present group structure needs to be reviewed to adapt to the large number of emerging sub-groups.

2.3 该方法的照片

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

国家:

不丹

有关地点的进一步说明:

Trashigang Dzongkhag, Radhi geog

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

注明开始年份:

2000

终止年份(若不再采用该方法):

2012

2.7 方法的类型

  • 基于项目/方案

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (cash-income generation, NRM fund for SLM loans/credit facility)

- The main tasks of the group are to: 1) mobilise local communities in rehabilitating and protecting natural resources from further degradation and 2) to support municipality administration, RNR staff and other agencies in planning, implementing and monitoring sustainable natural resource management activities. A series of government programmes and projects initi-ated activities in Radhi geog and it was decided to create a local institution focused at building capacity in NR management, awareness raising and sensitization.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: - Widespread severe land degradation in densely populated area, related to forest degradation, overgrazing, poor irrigation water management, unfavourable geological conditions and NR management conflicts between chiogs and between geogs

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观
  • 阻碍

Conflicts between geogs (Radhi and Merak) over grazing rights and access, combined with conflicts between chiogs within Radhi over land and water use rights, all contributing to serious land degradation issues in Radhigeog

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Group meetings with chiog representatives; conflict mitigation workshops; formal conflict mitigation and eventually even formal judicial court cases; group formation and support to mitigate land degradation issues and come to consensus

财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性
  • 阻碍

Limited access to agricultural credit facilities

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Establishment of a local NRM group fund

法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权)
  • 启动

The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights moderately helped the approach implementation: Widespread land tenure facilitates participation level of land users in NRM/SLM activities. Government owned forests have partly been converted to Community Forests, now owned and managed by the local communities. Traditional grazing rights however, have created serious long-lasting inter-geog conflicts that have proved to be difficult to resolve, despite many mediation and judicial efforts.

3. 相关利益相关者的参与和角色

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

  • 当地土地使用者/当地社区

NRM group and chiog tshogpas

NRM group is completely male which reflects a local cultural dominance in administrative functions. NRM group provides active support to disadvantaged groups through the NRM group fund, providing access to credit (short-term loans) to enable purchase of seeds/seedlings and other agricultural investments.

  • SLM专家/农业顾问
  • 国家政府(规划者、决策者)

RNR-RC Whengkhar

  • 国际组织
3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与 指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机 互动 Group formation process guided and supported by RNR Research Centres
计划 互动 Since 2006 through participatory SLM action planning in all 20 Radhi villages with support of NRM group representatives
实施 互动 Group members are actively involved with range of NRM/SLM activities, ranging from irrigation channel renovation, orchard development to bamboo plantation, afforestation and buffer zone creation
监测/评估 互动 Combined effort of RNR extension staff, geog administration and NRM group members through participatory M&E meetings to get feedback from villagers and provide a platform for technical guidance to the communities
Research 互动 Initial phase from 2000 to 2006 RNR Research Centres were actively involved in group formation process and capacity building (e.g. bookkeeping training etc.)

3.3 流程图(如可用)

具体说明:

Organisation chart of the NRM group

作者:

Hans van Noord (Schoutenkamp 43 Heteren The Netherlands)

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:
  • 主要是土地使用者,由SLM专家提供支持
解释:

Annual SLM Action Planning in all chiogs, supported by NRM group members at chiog level.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by land users supported by SLM specialists. Consultation process in context of annual SLM action planning and participatory M&E meetings.

4. 技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训?:

明确受训人员:
  • 土地使用者
  • 现场工作人员/顾问
培训形式:
  • 在职
  • 农民对农民
  • 公开会议
  • 课程
培训形式:
  • study tours
涵盖的主题:

NRM group members were actively involved in all NRM/SLM training activities at chiog level, but also took part in training courses aimed at improving their capabilities, such as bookkeeping and fund management. NRM group members took part in national and international study tours on SLM and watershed management and shared their experiences on group formation with other NRM groups. Extension staff received targeted training on NRM conflict management.

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗?:

指明是否提供了咨询服务:
  • 在土地使用者的土地上
说明/注释:

Name of method used for advisory service: Regular guidance and monitoring for the NRM group; Key elements: Fund management and bookkeeping, Key SLM interventions; Regular guidance and monitoring for the NRM group on group dynamics, group fund management, bookkeeping and training programmes on key SLM interventions.

Advisory service is quite adequate to ensure the continuation of land conservation activities; Good level of awareness and knwoledge of NRM/SLM, proven capacity to manage NRM group fund

4.3 机构强化(组织发展)

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构?:
  • 是,非常
具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:
  • 本地
具体说明支持类型:
  • 财务
  • 能力建设/培训
  • 设备
提供进一步细节:

Seed capital for the NRM fund was provided at the start of the NRM group and later provided by SLMP to enable fund growth and provision of more loans. Interest rate charged by the NRM group fund per loan is 12% per annum (to be repaid in one year, otherwise penalty of 3% applies), equal to market rate.

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗?:

注释:

bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff, group members and land users of stability of degraded areas (size, growth, state)

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff, group members and land users of mortality rate of plantations, area of improved dryland, area of orchard development, state and progress of irrigation channel renovation

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff, group members and land users of inter-chiog and inter-geog conflicts and progress in conflict mitigation

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular measurements by project staff, group members and land users in cash income increase and yield change

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular measurement by project staff, group members and land users of area converted to SLM practice

area treated aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through measurements; indicators: Regular observations by project staff, group members and land users of households participating in NRM/SLM activities and making use of NRM group fund loans

no. of land users involved aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Regular observations by project staff, group members and land users of performance of NRM group, amongst others in municipality council meetings for transparency

management of Approach aspects were monitored by project staff, land users through observations

There were few changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Changes were made to the NRM group composition and structure and the task and responsibilities with arrival of new government programmes and projects in the geog. By-laws were drafted and updated after involvement of SLMP project in 2006 and NRM group fund expanded, with additional seed money for the group fund.

There were no changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

明确话题:
  • 社会学
提供进一步的细节,并指出是谁做的研究:

Research was actively involved in the initial stages of the NRM group establishment, with special attention to the conflicts between Radhi and Merakgeogs on grazing land (double grazing as result of winter grazing for semi-nomadic yak herders and summer grazing for cattle from lower altitudes, resulting in severe land degradation).

Research was carried out on-farm

5. 融资和外部物质支持

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

如果不知道准确的年度预算,请给出一个范围:
  • 2,000-10,000
注释(例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (Seed funding, SLMP contributions): 80.0%; local government (district, county, municipality, village etc) (local community and geog administration (including RNR extension staff)): 15.0%; local community / land user(s) (membership contributions): 5.0%

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持?:

5.3 对特定投入的补贴(包括劳动力)

  • 设备
具体说明哪些投入得到了补贴 程度如何 对补贴做出具体说明
Office equipment 充分融资
如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入,那么是不是:
  • 自愿
注释:

Most of the labour was provided voluntary by group members and the related communities they represent. Especially the buffer zone creation around the severely degraded Chongdiri ravine and related afforestation and fencing activities required substantial labour inputs. Some other afforestation labour was partly subsidized.

The NRM group was supported with office equipment and computer/printer to enable proper administration and bookkeeping.

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值?:

对条件(利率、回报等)进行具体说明:

Interest rate charged: 12.0%; repayment conditions: Within one year repayment, otherwise penalty with 3%.

Interest was equal to market rate.

请具体指明信贷接收人:

BDFC

6. 影响分析和结论性陈述

6.1 方法的影响

该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

Great improvement has been recorded over the last decade of NRM group involvement through improved vegetation cover (afforestation of “green belt”, buffer zone creation and afforestation), stabilization of degraded areas, improved irrigation water management, bamboo plantation and raised capacity of land users in SLM/NRM.

该方法是否有助于社会和经济弱势群体?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

NRM group advocates inclusive approach and issues loans for agricultural inputs to vulnerable families that otherwise would have poor access to credit facilities.

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

Traditional grazing rights however, have created serious long-lasting inter-geog conflicts that have proved to be difficult to resolve, despite many mediation and judicial efforts.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

NRM group has become focal institution within the geog for any activity related to NRM/SLM and government institutions keenly collaborate with the group.

Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

Stabilization of degraded areas and afforestation efforts have contributed to improved well-being and security; additionally cash-income generation has been markedly improved through a series of NRM/SLM activities (bamboo marketing, orchard development, vegetable production, irrigation channel improvement etc.).

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The overall advocacy and implementation support of the RNM group to NRM/SLM activities have enhanced the cash-generating opportunities of all households and this is facilitated by the access to the NRM group funds for loans for agricultural inputs, often a great constraint for the most vulnerable households.

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

  • 支付/补贴
  • 环境意识

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施(无外部支持的情况下)?:
若是,请说明如何维持:

Determination of NRM group to continue is based on almost 10 years of experience and perceived benefits of the NRM group structure. The proven management capabilities of the NRM group fund are a mechanism to support NRM/SLM activities of local households and will facilitate the financial sustainability of the NRM group itself.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increased awareness of budgets related to SLM
Better dealing with community through specific trainings
Improved planning capacity
Better knwoledge of specific SLM interventions (how, where, what, when)
Exposure to study tours as NRM group member (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continued support to NRM group
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编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Strengthened local institution focused on NRM/SLM eases advocacy, planning and implementation of field-level activities
Facilitates access to local credit through NRM group fund for agricultural inputs linked to NRM/SLM
Enhances sustainability of SLM activities and local capacity in the municipality after project period ends (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Continued support to NRM group

Continued support to NRM group in group fund management/auditing/transparency
Continued support to NRM group)

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Lack of understanding by community members of role and objectives of NRM group and its members
Time-consuming for NRM group members, especially in peak agricultural season as many NRM/SLM activities need to be supported
Some difficulties in targeting vulnerable households (lack of understanding, feeling of enforcement/being compelled)
Better communication and support by municipality administration

Provide adequate support by local RNR extension team

Provide adequate support by local RNR extension team
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Relation to many other village groups related to NRM/SLM need to be improved/simplified to create a more transparent structure
Review of representation of key sub-groups in NRM group

7. 参考和链接

7.1 方法/信息来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查
  • 与土地使用者的访谈

模块