1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Sustainable Landmanagement in south-western Madagascar (SuLaMa / GLUES)

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Universität Kassel - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/10/2015

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 SLM技术问卷的参考

2.1 该方法的简要说明

Communicating and transferring scientific results and recommendations about sustainable land management to local people

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

Aims / objectives: The central aim of this approach was to increase environmental awareness in the Mahafaly region of southwestern Madagascar using visual communications tools. Comic-style illustrations were originally designed to communicate scientific recommendations on sustainable land management (SLM) and to ensure knowledge transfer from scientists to local people.

Methods: Visual communication, based on pictures, drawings, movies, sequential images and posters plays a vital role in countries where many people are illiterate. Another advantage is its easy reproduction in comparison to oral communication. It may also transfer knowledge where oral communication fails because of linguistic barriers or simply because complex narratives and messages are easier to explain visually than orally. In the context of a participatory research project to support SLM on the Mahafaly Plateau in southwestern Madagascar, comic-style illustrations of visual narratives were used to focus on environmental problems and SLM strategies. Since cross-cultural differences arise in “visual languages” globally, the visualization style needs to be carefully selected. Furthermore, misunderstanding of visual narratives may occur when objects are drawn not realistically enough, or if the statement is abstract or only presented from a scientific The central aim point of view. To avoid misinterpretation and increase readability and local acceptance, the style of comics was specifically designed for the conditions in rural Madagascar using a traditional Malagasy art style (sepulchre art in the form of “Aloalo” tomb sculptures). Comic illustrations were prepared to show the impact of different land use practices on the environment and local livelihoods using two contrasting stories/scenarios. The “red story” depicts a worst case scenario of unsustainable practices that are often applied by local inhabitants and the “green story” shows an example of a best case scenario based on an alternative, sustainable land management option recommended by scientific experts. To keep the stories simple and understandable, there was a focus on scientific key messages which can be easily transformed into visual narratives - and technical details were left aside.

Stages of implementation: The six year (2011-2016) transdisciplinary research consortium of Malagasy and German universities was initiated in the Mahafaly region of southwestern Madagascar in order to support sustainable land management (SuLaMa = Sustainable Land Management in southwestern Madagascar). Based on scientific research regarding the diversity and local use of forest resources and SLM practices in animal and crop husbandry, key messages and recommendations, which were easy to implement, were formulated by the scientific experts. Two examples of overused natural resources and one example of a neglected soil improvement practice were chosen for comic-style illustrations and transformed to visual narratives. These are (i) sustainable harvesting practice of wild yams (Dioscorea bemandry); (ii) composting of manure and its application to improve soil fertility and yields in home gardens; and (iii) sustainable utilization of the succulent tree Euphorbia stenoclada (called 'samata' in the local dialect) as supplementary forage for livestock. During an inception phase for the implementation of visual narratives in the study region, different drawing styles were tested and assessed to gather information on the local perception of art. Drawing styles showing the highest acceptance rate and readability were subsequently used to prepare the comics. The comics were printed on robust clay coated paper and handed out to local inhabitants during larger village workshops, where the different stories were presented and discussed.

2.3 该方法的照片

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

2.7 方法的类型

• 基于项目/方案

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (sustainable land use, livestock husbandry, crop production, yams)

Comic-style illustrations were designed for environmental education purposes to communicate scientific results and recommendations on sustainable land management and ensure knowledge transfer from scientific experts to local people. It is the general aim of the approach to raise awareness for sustainable land use and environmental protection and therefore to improve both people's livelihoods and the efficiency in the use of natural resources.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The approach area is characterized by low agricultural production, a lack of technical knowledge, low education level and conflicts over resource use.

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段

	当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与	指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机	无
计划	互动	data surveys, questionnaires, group discussions
实施	外部支持	village workshops to present the comics and to explain the storylines.
监测/评估	互动	stepwise evaluation and improvement of comic understanding and acceptance by land users and the community
Research	被动

3.3 流程图（如可用）

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:

• 主要是SLM专家，咨询土地使用者之后

解释:

During the six-year term of the original project, researchers gained a deep inside into the daily routine and workflow of the local population. The technology approach was therefore based on this knowledge and aimed at some of the major problems identified.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训？:

是

明确受训人员:

• 土地使用者
• 现场工作人员/顾问

培训形式:

• 示范区域
• 公开会议

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗？:

是

4.3 机构强化（组织发展）

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构？:

• 是，适度

具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:

• 本地

具体说明支持类型:

• 财务
• 能力建设/培训
• 设备

提供进一步细节:

Local schools can be equipped with material and practical training courses can be developed with the collaboration of teachers, village chiefs and elders.

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗？:

是

注释:

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Data on land use practices were collected.

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Data on human well-being and social conventions (customs, traditions, rituals) were collected.

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff, land users through observations; indicators: Comics were distributed to land users and discussed with representatives of 15 villages.

no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations

Evaluation aspects were ad hoc monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: evaluation of understanding and acceptance of comics

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: The understanding of the comics, their acceptance and the possible implementation of the land use approaches still have to be investigated during a follow-up evaluation process. There were few changes in the technologies. This still needs to be investigated during the evaluation process.


There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: This still needs to be investigated during the evaluation process.

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

是

明确话题:

• 社会学
• 经济/市场营销
• 生态学
• 技术

提供进一步的细节，并指出是谁做的研究:

Research was carried out on-farm

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

如果不知道准确的年度预算，请给出一个范围:

• 2,000-10,000

注释（例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者）:

Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)): 100.0%

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持？:

是

5.3 对特定投入的补贴（包括劳动力）

• 设备

如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入，那么是不是:

• 自愿

注释:

Travel expenses for the field trip of the comic illustrator was covered by the project

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值？:

否

6.1 方法的影响

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施（无外部支持的情况下）？:

• 是

若是，请说明如何维持:

Land users can implement the technologies presented in the comics without further help. However for additional applications, new case-specific comic drawings will have to be prepared as the land users may not be able to transmit messages about other practices.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Structured surveys carried out after the distribution of the material showed that local people understood and generally accepted the comic stories.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This approach has great potential for communication of any knowledge not only scientific. It should be further supported and widely used especially in rural areas with low literacy but not only there. Pictures have a great impact on peoples’ perception and messages can be easier memorized.
The more the pictures correspond with reality, the better is the “readability” and identification. The fewer the needless details shown, the better the recognition.
The environmental education material offers various possibilities of application, e.g. in schools or during village meetings. It can be used by the local communities over a long period of time.
As soon as an appropriate illustration style is found, various topics can be supplemented and more complex subjects can be depicted in greater detail. Individual comic strips may form the base for a more comprehensive but well understandable and adoptable compendium.

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Considerable investment and preparation is needed to implement comic-style illustration methods. Comic strips have to be provided in sufficient volume and quality, as reprinting is too expensive for local communities.
In-depth knowledge and understanding of local traditions and practices is mandatory as apparently minor (incorrect) details and finesses may hamper the comprehensibility and acceptance of the comic strips.
The design of comics that are both comprehensive and convertible by their contents for the local population requires a lot of time consuming preliminary work. If available, local artists and organizations should be called in and involved into this process to make sure, at the same time, that the approach can be carried on and developed by local stakeholders.

7.1 方法/信息来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Andriamparany, J.N., 2015. Diversity, local uses and availability of medicinal plants and wild yams in the Mahafaly region of southwestern Madagascar.Andriamparany J.N., Brinkmann K., Whiele M., Jeannoda V., Buerkert A. (2015). Modelling the distribution of wild yam species in southwestern Madagascar using biotic and abiotic factorsFeldt, T., 2015. Interrelatedness of grazing livestock with vegetation parameters and farmers' livelihoods in the Mahafaly region, southwestern MadagascarFeldt, T., Schlecht, E., (2016). Analysis of GPS trajectories to assess spatio-temporal differences in grazing patterns and land use preferences of domestic livestock in southwestern MadagascarGoetter, J.F., Neudert, R., (accepted). New rules are not rules: privatization of pastoral commons and local attempts at curtailment in southwest MadagascarHanisch, S., 2015. Improving cropping systems of semi-arid southwestern Madagascar under multiple ecological and socio-economic constraintsWeiss, D. (2014). Visual communication: a promising approach in developing countries?

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

PhD thesis, University of Kassel, Germany

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Andriamparany J.N., Brinkmann K., Whiele M., Jeannoda V., Buerkert A. (2015). Modelling the distribution of wild yam species in southwestern Madagascar using biotic and abiotic factors

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 212, p. 38-48.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Feldt, T., 2015. Interrelatedness of grazing livestock with vegetation parameters and farmers' livelihoods in the Mahafaly region, southwestern Madagascar

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

PhD thesis, University of Kassel, Germany

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Feldt, T., Schlecht, E., (2016). Analysis of GPS trajectories to assess spatio-temporal differences in grazing patterns and land use preferences of domestic livestock in southwestern Madagascar

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 6 (1).

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Goetter, J.F., Neudert, R., (accepted). New rules are not rules: privatization of pastoral commons and local attempts at curtailment in southwest Madagascar

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

International Journal of the Commons

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Hanisch, S., 2015. Improving cropping systems of semi-arid southwestern Madagascar under multiple ecological and socio-economic constraints

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

PhD thesis, University of Kassel, Germany

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Weiss, D. (2014). Visual communication: a promising approach in developing countries?

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Bachelor thesis, University of Kassel, Germany