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Community participation in large-scale land restoration for Africa’s Great Green Wall programme [尼日尔 ]

approaches_2909 - 尼日尔

完整性: 97%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与方法评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人员

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:

Sacande Moctar

moctar.sacande@fao.org

Forestry Policy and Resources Division (FOA)

意大利

有助于对方法进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
FAO-Action Against Desertification
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)
有助于对方法进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - 意大利

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM方法的描述

2.1 该方法的简要说明

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been using a participatory approach to implement large-scale restoration of degraded land in the Sahel. Communities have been central to the programme. In the framework of the Great Green Wall initiative, adapted and useful native tree species, shrubs, and fodder grasses are planted in agro-sylvo-pastoral land. This is response to community needs and preferences while ensuring that the species and varieties are all ecologically suitable.

2.2 该方法的详细说明

该方法的详细说明:

The approach is implemented under FAO's Action against Desertification (AAD) programme in the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI). This is Africa's flagship initiative to combat the effects of climate change and desertification, and to address food insecurity and poverty. It brings together more than 20 African countries with international agencies, research institutes, civil society and grassroots organizations. Through the GGWSSI, the vision is a mosaic of sustainable land use practices and productive landscapes stretching across North Africa, the Sahel and the Horn.
Community participation in the Great Green Wall restoration initiative is through a people-centred approach to rangeland management that puts communities at the heart of efforts. It focusses on plant species that support their livelihoods. Specifically these are a selection of well-adapted indigenous trees, shrubs and fodder grasses with proven resilience to drought and usefulness in restoration. Village communities decide on which areas to plant and on the species that they can utilise for food, for fodder, and for medicines. There are also plants that produce economically valuable goods for local, national and even international markets, such as gum arabic (from Acacia senegal) for example.
Technically, AAD supports the implementation of land restoration activities through provision of equipment, and by strengthening the technical and functional capacities of individuals, communities, and organizations in restoration techniques and sustainable land management.
The three main objectives of this approach are:
a) Poverty alleviation;
b) Ending hunger; and
c) Improving resilience to climate change.
The restoration approach is based on a five-step model:
• Communities: needs and requirements for restoration are determined through in-depth consultations with communities.
• Research: good quality seed is made available for the propagation of economically viable, locally adapted and biodiverse vegetation.
• Operational procedure: efficient operational restoration processes are ensured, including land preparation and management, assisted natural regeneration and planting.
• Monitoring: field performance of species are evaluated, as well as communal activities such as maintenance and management of restored areas.
• Capacity development: village technicians’ capacities are upgraded in forest seed collecting and nursery techniques, planting, maintenance and management of restored areas, and development of plant products, marketing, and local business management.

2.3 该方法的照片

关于照片的一般说明:

The photos were taken under the FAO project GCP/INT/157/EC: Action Against Deserti­fication is an initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacifi­c Group of States (ACP) to promote sustainable land management and restore drylands and degraded lands in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacifi­c, implemented by FAO and partners with funding from the European Union in the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF).

2.4 该方法的视频

注释、简短说明:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVcMSeXZnJI
Over the next decade, 50 million people may be displaced by desertification - the result of climate change and the depletion of natural resources. Action Against Desertification, an initiative of the African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States is implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations with the financial contribution of the European Union. It aims to restore the productivity of degraded forests and landscapes and enhance the resilience of people to climate change in 6 Great Green Wall countries in Africa as well as Haiti in the Caribbean and Fiji in the Pacific.

日期:

02/12/2015

位置:

Rome

摄影师的名字:

© FAO

注释、简短说明:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prl1eaSvQCQ&feature=youtu.be
Land restoration in the Sahel is making degraded areas productive again, providing economic opportunities in a region where migration has become a tradition. Under FAO’s “Action Against Desertification” programme, these efforts are being expanded to six African countries. Land degradation around the Sahara is not yet irreversible.

日期:

18/07/2016

位置:

Rome

摄影师的名字:

© FAO

2.5 采用该方法的国家/地区/地点

国家:

尼日尔

区域/州/省:

Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua

有关地点的进一步说明:

In Niger, the GGWSSI covers all the eight regions of the country. Currently FAO’s Action Against Desertification project works in the three regions of Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua, though the approach is expanding to the remaining five regions.

注释:

The AAD land restoration approach has been successfully implemented with trans-boundary interventions in Niger, Burkina Faso, and Mali. For this documentation, the focus is on Tera, Niger.

2.6 该方法的开始和终止日期

注明开始年份:

2013

若不知道准确的年份,请注明该方法的大致开始日期。:

不到10年前(最近)

2.7 方法的类型

  • 基于项目/方案

2.8 该方法的主要目的/目标

Key elements and aims of this approach include:
• Planting the right species in the right place.
• Promoting the use of quality native forest and fodder seeds for restoration.
• Ensuring that a wide range of useful plant species is made available.
• Managing natural regeneration of species and planted areas through village management committees.
• Updating a species database for gene-pool traceability, monitoring, reporting and for future uses of data and information.

2.9 推动或妨碍实施本办法所适用的技术的条件

社会/文化/宗教规范和价值观
  • 启动

The approach is people-centred, and builds on traditional management of land, traditional ecological knowledge and techniques such as “half-moons” (demi-lunes in French) for rainwater harvesting that facilitate improved plant establishment.

财务资源和服务的可用性/可得性
  • 启动

Individuals can acquire finance to buy seeds. On community land, finance may be needed to lease land for production of plant varieties, or for hiring labour to take care of seedlings.

机构设置
  • 启动

Better organization at local level enhances community participation and commitment to achieve interventions at large-scale/community level.

参与者的的协作/协调
  • 启动

There are various levels of collaboration needed for example in establishing which land should/ can be used, in seed selection based on defined needs, and also for the provision of labor. Fundamentally, collaboration is key to agreements to achieve the desired objectives.

法律框架(土地使用权、土地和水使用权)
  • 启动

Securing access rights to land and water resources is a motivation for investing in reforestation.

政策
  • 启动

National level policies can protect and ensure supply of seeds as well facilitate access to natural resources such as land. Additionally, policies such as those in support of Great Green Wall activities create an enabling environment within which these activities can be supported.

土地治理(决策、实施和执行)
  • 启动

Similar to legal framework above.

了解SLM,获得技术支持
  • 启动

Knowledge around SLM contributes to maintenance and management of restored areas, thus ensuring sustainability of activities. The programme has integrated existing/traditional SLM activities such as zaï (wide planting pits)/half-moons in capturing, concentrating and storing water thus keeping soils moist and improving the chances of good plant growth in a very dry environment.

市场(购买投入,销售产品)和价格
  • 启动

Market access and increasing economic capacities of communities can enable active involvement in restoration especially when plant products can earn income thus facilitating local business.

工作量、人力资源可用性
  • 启动

Availability of labor facilitates activities such as forest seed collecting, nursery activities, planting, maintenance and management of restored areas. Most of the work is done by women who prepare the land and take the lead in planting.

3. 相关利益相关者的参与和角色

3.1 该方法涉及的利益相关者及其职责

  • 当地土地使用者/当地社区

Total project beneficiaries are currently 116,000 people (over half are women) Age varies from 15 to 70 years. Participants are villagers including farmers, herders, traditional healers and herbalists. Each intervention village has a village management committee set up for GGW implementation. They contribute land and labour, and village technicians are trained in large-scale degraded land restoration techniques so that they can be self-sufficient at the end of the funding.

1. Defining needs, preferences of species and objectives for land restoration in degraded areas. 2. Trained in the collection of seeds and in how to produce seedlings in village nurseries. 3.The communities involved also participated in the regular monitoring and evaluation of plots. 4. Participating in workshops including agreeing on work plans 5. Communities were also a source of rich traditional ecological knowledge 6. Supporting projects through in-kind contributions of labour and land 7. Representation in the steering committee

  • 社区组织

Each intervention village has a village management committee set up for GGWSSI activities.

- Contributed land, labor and village technicians to be trained in large-scale land restoration techniques geared to self-sufficiency at the end of project life. Managing intervention sites including products such as fodder. Collaborating with national and local administrations.

  • SLM专家/农业顾问

Support in identification of land needed for restoration, seeds, and management of restoration.

  • 研究人员

National seed centres.

1. Address the availability of good quality seeds for collection.
2. Ensure genetic diversity reflecting varieties of native species.

  • NGO

Local NGOs and CBOs.

Local NGO's were trained in land restoration activities.
NGOs were also instrumental in discussions on scaling up the approaches and policy support for mainstreaming sustainable land management.

  • 私营部门

Supplies of equipment and materials needed for restoration activities.

Mainly business related to procurement of goods and services.

  • 地方政府

Local administration and national governments in the respective countries.

1. Provide technical management and management of the operational team.
2. Mobilization of communities.
3. Part of the steering committee.

  • 国家政府(规划者、决策者)

1. Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development.
2. National Agency of the Great Green Wall.
3. National Forestry Seed Centre.
4. Local authorities (i.e.Town halls/ Mairies in French) involved in Tillabery, Dosso and Tahoua regions.

  • 国际组织

Royal Botanical Garden, Kew.

Technical support; botanical knowledge and information resources, and identifying priority species for the Great Green Wall.

3.2 当地土地使用者/当地社区参与该方法的不同阶段
当地土地使用者/当地社区的参与 指定参与人员并描述活动
启动/动机 互动 Communities’ local knowledge, needs and aspirations were the backbone of the project. Communities were extensively consulted on species identification and prioritization based on needs, including speed of production, personal knowledge and aspirations. This was through questionnaires and village workshops. Commitment and buy-in from the community was also a prerequisite for activities to start, as they had to commit to contribute land and in-kind labour. Selection of villages for restoration was based on, amongst other things, motivation and commitment by communities to participate in restoration activities, and community-based structures and organizations.
计划 互动 Extensive planning was done with communities before implementation, e.g. to agree on planting times, use of traditional techniques and land preparation.
实施 互动 Implementation was done actively with communities who volunteered traditional knowledge as well as labour to the activities. This built on the initial procedures where species were selected and prioritized; planning of activities; and later labour in preparation of land, setting-up nurseries and transplanting.
监测/评估 互动 Monitoring and field data collection of survival and growth of seedlings were carried out by trained village technicians in collaboration with the communities and technical institutions.

3.3 流程图(如可用)

具体说明:

Community process.

作者:

AAD Project

3.4 有关SLM技术选择的决策

具体说明谁有权决定选择要实施的技术:
  • 所有相关参与者,作为参与式方法的一部分
解释:

This is a local initiative that uses traditional ecological knowledge and multi-purpose plant species (of known benefits to the local communities) for restoration.
Community participation, lifestyles and preferences and a careful analysis of ecological landscapes are carefully considered and then matched to suitable interventions. This similar approach has been applied by other projects in the GGWSSI region however although has not often been formally disseminated to wider audiences.

明确做出决策的依据:
  • 对充分记录的SLM知识进行评估(基于证据的决策)
  • 研究结果
  • 个人经验和意见(无记录)

4. 技术支持、能力建设和知识管理

4.1 能力建设/培训

是否为土地使用者/其他利益相关者提供培训?:

明确受训人员:
  • 土地使用者
  • 现场工作人员/顾问
如果相关,请说明性别、年龄、地位、种族等。:

100 small-scale farmers were trained in 2017, in Natural Assisted Regeneration techniques and 40 farmers were trained in forest and fodder seed collection and the production of seedlings in village nurseries and in the management of planted sites.

培训形式:
  • 课程
涵盖的主题:

Technical training was provided to villages through formal modules in how to collect quality seeds in defined seed zones. The training was provided by the national forest seed centres. The training was in seedling production and participatory forest management. Other areas covered included; added-value and the development of plant products (non-timber forest products), marketing and local business management to support income generation.

注释:

Apart from the restoration technical areas covered above, additional areas of training included; improving adult literacy, family health and nutritional standards. This was done together with specialized rural sector developers.

4.2 咨询服务

土地使用者有权使用咨询服务吗?:

指明是否提供了咨询服务:
  • 在土地使用者的土地上
  • 在固定中心
  • workshops
说明/注释:

To re-introduce plants for large-scale restoration, effective use of seeds of wild species demands sufficient biological and technical knowledge about a large number of species to allow for collection, storage and germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings. In this approach therefore, use was made of the technical know-how of RBG Kew and their partnership with forest seed centres that guided collection of quality seeds.

4.3 机构强化(组织发展)

是否通过这种方法建立或加强了机构?:
  • 是,非常
具体说明机构的强化或建立程度:
  • 本地
  • 区域
  • 国家
说明机构、角色和职责、成员等。:

Institutions: National government; NGOs, CBOs.
Support to the national government which is the national agency for the GGW is the entry point. Through them and based on national objectives, the project progresses to a decentralized level. At the national level, capacities have been improved on monitoring and evaluation techniques; seed identification and selection and handling.
Local level: these are the implementing partners and work on the ground. Their capacities have been improved on seed selection and restoration techniques, and on data collection
Regional level: more collaboration, coordination and knowledge sharing on the GGW initiatives as well as peer-to-peer learning.

具体说明支持类型:
  • 财务
  • 能力建设/培训
  • 设备
提供进一步细节:

Equipment: mainly for land preparation for planting and non-timber forest product processing.

4.4 监测和评估

监测和评估是该方法的一部分吗?:

注释:

Regular monitoring is carried out by village communities involved in the restoration exercise. The activities include assessing seedling survival and growth, and the area planted.

若是,该文件是否用于监测和评估?:

4.5 研究

研究是该方法的一部分吗?

明确话题:
  • 社会学
  • 经济/市场营销
  • 生态学
提供进一步的细节,并指出是谁做的研究:

Through a questionnaire, communities define their needs and preferences for species, and the objectives of land restoration in their selected agro-sylvo-pastoral degraded lands. Results of this consultation are fed back to them after analyses by the project team (researchers, plant experts, seed centres) for the feasibility, suitability and availability of the requested species. This creates common agreement on interventions, priorities and implementation plans, with roles and responsibilities from the communities as well as from the technical teams.
1. Sociology: prior research was done on social diversity of village communities in areas such as gender, age, and professions to decide on village selection, but also to ensure balance.
2. Economics/marketing: this was multi-faceted - on the one hand looking at community economic needs and priorities, but also on how to add value to non-timber forest products. The plant-use data received from respondents were classified according to the Economic Botany Data Collection.
These helped in deciding and prioritizing species according to community needs.
3. Ecology: the GGW initiative is typically aimed at drylands with challenges of aridity. Thus the ecology was studied to identify suitable plant species that would thrive under these conditions - in combination with traditional SLM/ water harvesting technologies that have been developed to overcome moisture deficits.
The selected species was further examined in laboratories to check their suitability for dryland environments and thereafter to ensure good quality and genetically diverse seeds are used.

5. 融资和外部物质支持

5.1 该方法中SLM组成部分的年度预算

如果不知道准确的年度预算,请给出一个范围:
  • 100,000-1,000,000
注释(例如主要的资助来源/主要捐助者):

Action Against Desertification is implemented by FAO and partners with funding from the European Union in the framework of the 10th European Development Fund (EDF). The GGWI under AAD in Niger is funded up to around 1.5m USD for the four years of the project.

5.2 为土地使用者提供财政/物质支援

土地使用者是否获得实施该技术的财政/物质支持?:

如果是,请具体说明支持的类型、条件和提供者:

Finances are needed for purchasing equipment; seeds were also provided; seed testing was carried out to establish appropriate type/species of those chosen by the communities.

5.3 对特定投入的补贴(包括劳动力)

  • 劳动力
程度如何 对补贴做出具体说明
部分融资 Local communities shared some tasks such as during planting period the project provided lunch.
  • 设备
具体说明哪些投入得到了补贴 程度如何 对补贴做出具体说明
机械 部分融资 Provided such as hand tools, and carts for transportation.
工具 部分融资 Tools for SLM/WH structures and planting.
  • 农业
具体说明哪些投入得到了补贴 程度如何 对补贴做出具体说明
种子 部分融资 Training was provided in a collection of native forest seeds that were then bought from them (communities thus earning an income).
Organic manure Training to do and collect composts.
  • 建筑
具体说明哪些投入得到了补贴 程度如何 对补贴做出具体说明
石料 部分融资 For storage facilities.
如果土地使用者的劳动力是一项重要的投入,那么是不是:
  • 获得其他物质支持
注释:

In partnership with WFP there was collaboration on food for assets and incentives from the project such as trainings on preparation of vegetable gardens..

5.4 信用

是否根据SLM活动的方法给予信用值?:

5.5 其它激励或手段

是否有其他激励措施或工具用于促进SLM技术的实施?:

如果是,请具体说明:

Functional capacity building village communities for example in management of restoration sites and development of forest products

6. 影响分析和结论性陈述

6.1 方法的影响

该方法是否有助于当地土地使用者,提高利益相关者的参与度?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The project supports communities to improve the productivity of their land in direct consultation with them while benefiting from training on recording changes in the diversity of biomass in community plots and lands.

这种方法是否有助于基于证据的决策?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大
该方法是否帮助土地使用者实施和维护SLM技术?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

Training was provided in various aspects such as seed selection and collection.

该方法是否提高了SLM的协调性和成本效益?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The project is not funding all aspects, though building sustainability through the direct capacity development and participation of communities.

该方法是否调动/改善了使用财务资源实施SLM的途径?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

1. Village technicians have been used by other projects in the area in SLM and also by the government while receiving remuneration. 2. Communities are able to sell indigenous seeds for restoration to other projects in the region, and to the government.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者实施土地管理的知识和能力?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大
该方法是否提高了其他利益相关者的知识和能力?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

1. Governments; training of technicians in specialized tools, training in monitoring and evaluation of SLM and in restoration impacts. 2. CBOs and local administrations: regional organizations such as CILSS-Agryhmet were also trained in the above.

该方法是否建立/加强了机构、利益相关者之间的合作?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The village technicians and trained seed collectors have now been organized into a regional union for supply of restoration seed.

该方法是否缓解了冲突?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

With the increasing of fodder production, pressures on other grazing areas have gone slightly down.

Disadvantaged groups not present at village level.

该方法是否改善了性别平等并赋予女性权力?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

Yes; gender equality is taken into consideration – for example, women are represented in each village management community.

该方法是否鼓励年轻人/下一代土地使用者参与SLM?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

As income comes in from restoration activities, it has encouraged young people to consider SLM as an income generating opportunity.

该方法是否改善了阻碍SLM技术实施的土地使用权/用户权问题?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

Communities now see more value in restoring degraded land previously neglected and there are tenure agreements with local administration. Land tenure had been insecure for local communities, but now rights of access and use have been delivered by local administrations to local communities, guaranteeing that restoration areas belong to communities - thus ensuring sustainability, as a community perceives ownership of the investments.

该方法是否改善了粮食安全/改善了营养?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

1. Farming in restored areas allows for more crop production. 2. Fodder production is feeding livestock better improving production of milk and meat.

该方法是否改善了市场准入?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

1. Seeds and fodder are being sold by local communities to other projects, governments and communities.

该方法是否改善了供水和卫生条件?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

not applicable.

该方法是否带来了更可持续的能源使用?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

not applicable.

该方法是否提高了土地使用者适应气候变化/极端情况和减轻气候相关灾害的能力?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

The project’s aim is to increase the resilience of natural capital and people living in the drylands while being able to adapt to climate change.

该方法是否会带来就业、收入机会?:
  • 是,很少
  • 是,中等
  • 是,支持力度很大

In seed sales, crop production, income earning from employment of technicians.

6.2 土地使用者实施SLM的主要动机

  • 增加生产

Increased land productivity from restored land.

  • 增加利润(能力),提高成本效益比

Improved yields and harvest.

  • 减少土地退化

Restored land provide more opportunities to land users.

  • 声望、社会压力/社会凝聚

Restoration of agro-sylvo-pastoral systems promoted cohesion across different user groups and provided benefits.

  • 加入运动/项目/团体/网络

Desire to be part of community based organization and through these, management of restored lands is also possible.

  • 环境意识

Improved biodiversity, wildlife and link to community cultures and lifestyles was a motivator.

  • 习俗和信仰,道德

Linked to environmental above; need to protect and preserve wildlife and biodiversity.

  • 提高SLM知识和技能

Project provided technical capacity development such as water harvesting and rice species to plant in right places motivated communities to participate.

  • 冲突缓解

Increasing biomass in agro-sylvo-pastoral systems reduced conflicts between pastoralists and farmers.

6.3 方法活动的可持续性

土地使用者能否维持通过该方法实施的措施(无外部支持的情况下)?:
若是,请说明如何维持:

The capacity being developed should help farmers continue without external intervention e.g. training in collecting planting material, planting techniques and in managing the plots enables continuity, and the capacities developed stay within the community – for example: the trained village technicians.

6.4 该方法的长处/优点

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Builds on existing knowledge such as the use of zaï (pit planting).
Income generation e.g. from selling of seeds to governments and other land users.
Helping achieve communities specifics objectives such as increasing tree cover.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The consultation process and the mutual trust built over time, which helps people “buy into” the programme and feel ownership of the activities on the ground.
The technical and scientific feedback answers to priorities and preoccupation of land users in terms of restoration objectives.
The involvement of people in monitoring and management of their planted sites as they contribute their lands and labour.

6.5 该方法的弱点/缺点以及克服它们的方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Inability to adequately influence donor plans. Frequent consultations.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Inability to address all the needs of the beneficiaries: for example demand for water supply in dry seasons while the project focusses on rainfed restoration. Increased dialogue on interventions across sectors, such as with donors for a more systematic and integrated approach.
Lack of flexibility in implementation to consider some of the upcoming demands of communities.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 方法/信息来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO. 2015. Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands: building resilience and benefitting livelihoods. Forestry Paper No. 175. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

UN-FAO

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Community participation at the heart of Africa’s Great Green Wall Restoration model. Authors: M. Sacande, N. Berahmouni and S. Hargreaves. In Unasylva. Volume 66 2015/3

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

UN-FAO

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Action Against Desertification (FAO)

URL:

http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/en/

标题/说明:

Building Africa’s Great Green Wall: Restoring degraded drylands for stronger and more resilient communities

URL:

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6476e.pdf

标题/说明:

Forest and Landscape Restoration Approach

URL:

http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5212e.pdf

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