1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - 意大利

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Ethiopia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) - 埃塞俄比亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

30/05/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

It is a structural measure constructed across the slope to control erosion and increase soil moisture.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Sorghum terrace of Diredawa locally called as Daga is constructed by placing stone walls across a slope following contour lines. The development of Sorghum terrace involves activities of creating an embankment at a given spacing, which depends on slope. Cultivation in the terrace is done by the use of Dengora (local name for spade like hand tool) if the land is sloping and by oxen if land slope is gentle (<8%). The purpose of developing Sorghum Terrace of Diredawa (STD) is to collect as much rainwater as possible for growing sorghum, which is planted by broad casting. Sorghum is the staple food in the area. Since rainfall is erratic, the STD allows more water to be stored in the soil. STD is maintained every year and also upgraded while performing different farm activities (Ploughing, Weeding, etc.,). Every time maintenance is made breaks in the terrace are repaired and additional height given to the terrace until it forms bench. STD is very suitable to areas with erratic rainfalls, sloping cultivated fields and land having abandant stones for construction. It is suitable to areas with semi-arid to arid climatic conditions and soils ranging from shallow depth to moderately deep.

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The major land use problems in the areas with out SWC are overgrazing/overbrowsing by livestock specially by the small stock. Goats over browse shrubs in hill slope letting it to be bare and hence enhance erosion. Cutting of trees/shrub for fire wood denudes hillsides.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Declining status of the vegetative cover led to lack of wood for construction and fire wood.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Grazingland comments: A substantial area has been closed around the technology area. Livestock owners are given the opportunity to cut grass from enclosures and carry it home to stall feed the animals. Most farmers like to stallfeed their animals. Number of livestock in the area is small and is limited to 1 or 2 of large stock and 2-3 of small stocks.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Individual households plant agroforestry trees (fruits, shade trees, hedgerows) in the homestreads and on field boundaries. Trees naturally grown are maintained in scattered manner in crop fields. These are primarily used as shelter for animals that are tethered and also used as fodder and fuelwood.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, grazing / browsing

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Sorghum-beans

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Water supply: Also post-flooding

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 100-1,000 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

DireDawa

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Early planting
Material/ species: Sorghum + Chat
Quantity/ density: 17500 +400

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Sorghum + Potato

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Sorghum + Chat

Mulching
Material/ species: Sorghu Stalk/residue

Green manure
Material/ species: Sorghum/Chat-beans

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Sorghum/Chat

Contour tillage
Remarks: Ploughing along the contour

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: O : other
Number of plants per (ha): 17500-2000
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2-0.3

Perennial crops species: Chat

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 10.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 3.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

Terrace: backward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2
Spacing between structures (m): 4-6
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5-2
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50-300

Bund/ bank: level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1-2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.3-0.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50-300

Construction material (earth): earth is placed upslope of the stone wall to provide reinforcement

Construction material (stone): stone is used for the embankment

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 12%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 4%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: from grazing to cultivated land

Control / change of species composition: from mono-cropping to mixed cropping

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Birr

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

8.6

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Chat planting by cutting	植物性的	early rains
2.	Sorghum planting	植物性的	early rains
3.	Sowing	植物性的	with rains & withdrawal of rains
4.	Contour marking & layout	结构性的	dry period/after harvest
5.	Digging foundation	结构性的	after light rains/moist soil
6.	Stone collection	结构性的	dry season
7.	Stone wall placement	结构性的	after light rains/moist soil
8.	Earth support upslope	结构性的	after light rains/moist soil
9.	Clear vegetation	管理	dry period
10.	Construct Daga	管理	dry season
11.	Land preparation	管理	after the 1st rains

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	272.0	272.0	50.0
设备	Animal traction	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	4.0	4.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost manure	ha	1.0			100.0
技术建立所需总成本					301.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Tillage	农业学的	dry season / 2-3
2.	Sowing	农业学的	dry season / each cropping season
3.	Cultivation	农业学的	early rains, after sawing, before flowering / each cropping season
4.	Weeding	农业学的	after flowrinf / each cropping season
5.	Harvest	农业学的	dry season, after crop matures / each cropping season
6.	Cultivation	植物性的	during rains /2
7.	Weeding	植物性的	withdrawal of rains /1
8.	Stone collection	结构性的	dry season/1
9.	Repairing breaks	结构性的	before planting/1
10.	Add stone wall height/upgrading	结构性的	before planting/1
11.	Plant stablizing/ trees/shrubs	结构性的	after rains/1
12.	Planting of useful trees & fruit trees	管理	after rains / annual
13.	Cultivation and weeding	管理	during rains / 2

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	40.7	40.7	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					40.7

注释:

Machinery/ tools: hand tools for digging earth and breaking stone

The cost is mainly for construction and maintenance of the structural measures and cost of production.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Slope:- As the slope increases cost of construction increases, Soil depth:- when the soil depth is shallow digging the foundation becomes more costly.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also hill slopes (ranked 2) and valley floors (ranked 3)
Slopes on average: Also hilly (ranked 2) and moderate as well as gentle (both ranked 3)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and very low (ranked 3)
Soil drainage/infiltration is good
Soil water storage capacity is low (ranked 1), medium (ranked 2) and very low (ranked 3)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 2% - 3%
40% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Land users who have SWC on their land spend more time in agricultural activities compared to those who have not applied SWC measures.
Level of mechanization: Manual work (ranked 1, on steeper slopes where terraces are closer manual labour is used) and animal traction (ranked 2, on gentle slopes animal traction is used for tillage and cultivation)
Market orientation of cropland production system: Subsistence ( They do not produce enough for their own consumption in case of sorghum/cereal crops but chat is produced more for market, ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2)
Market orientation of forest production system: Subsistence (Chat is planted for consumption as well as market, ranked 1) and mixed (Farmers sell part of the grain they have produced)
Market orientation of production system: mixed (subsistence and commercial) (Farmers sell part of the grain they have produced.)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

30% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Production increased How can they be sustained / enhanced? external support with incentives such as tools, material for constructing structures for flood and runoff diversion.
more soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? integration of measures that reduces evapotranspiration
Soil erosion controlled How can they be sustained / enhanced? exercise effective maintenance

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
have higher efficiency for retaining water in the soil How can they be sustained / enhanced? Strengthening maintenance, avoid livestock,exercise stall feeding, enhancing runoff and flood farming
mantenance is simple because material is available
Forms bench terrace easily
Soil loss is remarkably reduced
Production doubled and even increased by 150-200%

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
hindering movement	provide path way for humans and oxen during farm operation