1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

30/05/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Activities that help maintain the productive potentials of soils through prevention and reduction of erosion, enhancing of rehabilitation rate by practicing measures such as microbasins, trench, eyebrow terrace, terraces, pitting and plantation of trees.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The SWC technology comprises a combination of measures, which include agronomic, vegetative, structural and management measures. This means that in implementing the SWC technology combination of measures such as contour cultivation, grass strips, soil and stone bunds, area closure and improved grazing are applied in integration to rehabilitate degraded lands and restore their productivity. The purpose is to improve food security by reducing erosion and enhance the productivity of land by planting useful trees and fodder species. Unproductive land is changed to productive land by the practicing of the technology. The SWC technology is continously maintained and improved to meet the standards and qulity such that erosion is minimized. The technology is suitable to degraded and unproductive lands which were abondoned as result of low productivity and were previously under cultivation or grazing land. Closure of the area is followed by vegetative and structural measures to speed up the recovery / regeneration rate.

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

It is introduced technology.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Improper landuse, defforestation, overgrazing, lack of action to control erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): lack of awarness, traditional way of ploughing, lack of technolog on SWC

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: open grazing is practiced

Grazingland comments: Nowadays closing a small individual plots and practicing cut and carrying system is being popular among land users.

Plantation forestry: replacing natural forests

Problems / comments regarding forest use: Forest/woodlands are mainly communal, so, replanting forests is undertaken by the community. Individual forests/woodlands are very few and small in size since there is a shortage of land for forests and tree plantation.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, nature conservation / protection

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Haricot bean is planted after maize is planted and has allowed some height.

Constraints of infrastructure network (roads, railways, pipe lines, power lines)

Constraints of Stone excavation (quarrying has caused a lott of damage on land.)

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Sep Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Sep

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 横坡措施
• 集水

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 60 km2.

Some of the SWC technology areas are well rehabilitated and the remaining sites are partially treated, because these are being newly started sites.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

SNNPR

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil, reduction in wind speed, improvement of soil structure, increase in soil fertility

Better crop cover
Material/ species: teff, wheat
Quantity/ density: 10,000,000
Remarks: broad casting

Early planting
Material/ species: maize, sorghum
Quantity/ density: 60,000
Remarks: row planting and broad casting

Relay cropping
Material/ species: maize-haricot bean
Quantity/ density: maize-hari
Remarks: row planting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: maize and haricot bean
Quantity/ density: 120,000
Remarks: row planting

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: maize, sorghum
Quantity/ density: 50,000
Remarks: strip cropping

Green manure
Material/ species: legumes
Quantity/ density: 100,000
Remarks: broad casting

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: leaves, cow dung

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: DAP, UreaTillag

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 10,000,000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1.5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.3
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.25

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 111
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 6
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 6

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 40000

Trees/ shrubs species: sesbania, grevillea, acacia

Fruit trees / shrubs species: mango, avocado, orange

Perennial crops species: coffee, chat

Grass species: vetiver, elephant grass

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8.00%

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.8
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.6
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 80
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 80

Terrace: forward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 10
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1

Terrace: backward sloping
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 10
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.5
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1

Bund/ bank: level
Spacing between structures (m): 40
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1

Bund/ bank: graded
Spacing between structures (m): 20
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.8
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 1

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 8%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: degraded land to forest land

Major change in timing of activities: structure in dry season, plantation in rainy season.

Other type of management: change of management / intensity level - protection of the closed area by site guards.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Birr

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

8.6

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Seed collection (grass, trees)	植物性的	dry season
2.	Seed bed preparation	植物性的	on set of rain
3.	Sawing & Planting	植物性的	rainy season
4.	Site selection	结构性的	dry season
5.	participatory planning	结构性的	dry season
6.	Area closing	结构性的	dry season
7.	Trench, microbasin bund construction	结构性的	dry season
8.	Plantation	结构性的	rain season
9.	Site selection for closure area	管理	dry period
10.	Closing the degraded land	管理	dry season
11.	Construction of structural measures	管理	onset of rains and dry seasons

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	387.0	387.0	26.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	85.0	85.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	33.0	33.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	5.0	5.0
施工材料	Stone	ha	1.0	2.0	2.0
技术建立所需总成本					512.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 60 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Tillage/plough	农业学的	dry season / annual
2.	Compost making and application	农业学的	before dry season / annual
3.	Sawing and planting	农业学的	/ each cropping season
4.	Plant protection	农业学的	wet season / annual
5.	Harvesting	农业学的	dry season / each cropping season
6.	Replanting	植物性的	rainy season /once a year
7.	Weeding	植物性的	after rains /once a year
8.	Cutting the matured trees	植物性的	dry season /once a year
9.	Replanting	结构性的	rainy season/once a year
10.	Reconstruction of structures	结构性的	dry season/once a year
11.	Planting trees	管理	rainy season / once a year
12.	plant and harvest grass	管理	/ before and after rains
13.	Replanting	管理	/ once a year
14.	Terench and structural measures stablization with plantation	管理	/ once in a year

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	46.7	46.7	5.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	3.0	3.0	60.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	6.6	6.6
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	3.6	3.6	10.0
施工材料	Stone	ha	1.0	41.4	41.4	2.0
技术维护所需总成本					101.3

注释:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, shovel, wheel barrow, hammer

The cost is calculated for PD/person days on a hectar basis

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Tools and transport facilities (motorcycles), fuel and food grain.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (ranked 1) and 2001-2500 m a.s.l. (1700-2200m a.s.l., ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Gentle (ranked 1) and moderate (ranked 2, about 70% of the land is on a slope of 2-8%)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Coarse/light (ranked1) and medium (ranked 2, sandy loam)
Soil fertility: High
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good (well drained)
Soil water storage capacity: Very low (because it is sandy loam soil)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 3% - 4%
10% of the land users are very rich.
25% of the land users are rich.
40% of the land users are average wealthy.
25% of the land users are poor.
5% of the land users are poor.
Off-farm income specification: Land users who practice SWC measures get better production. Their incomes has increased compared to those who have not applied SWC.
Market orientation of cropland production system: subsistence (self-supply, part of the production is sold at local market), mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Market orientation of grazing land production system: subsistence (self-supply, fodder plant for milk cow), mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Market orientation of forest production system: subsistence (self-supply, tree plantation on individual plots ), mixed (subsistence/ commercial), commercial/market (plantation of a community forests)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

52000

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

46800 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

5200 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Nowadays land users have better understanding on SWC technologies, so they protect their farm land from erosion with vegetation.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
SWC knoweldge is gained How can they be sustained / enhanced? through training and practical works
additional income is created How can they be sustained / enhanced? diversification of SWC measures with in the same plot
group work is encouraged/introduced How can they be sustained / enhanced? strengthening group formation
food value has increased How can they be sustained / enhanced? from vegetables and fruits

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
degraded lands are rehabilitated and covered with plantation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? through increased participatory planning approach
crop production has increased. How can they be sustained / enhanced? apply more combined technologies to enhance production
wood production has increased How can they be sustained / enhanced? planting multipurpose plant species increased
extensive grazing is changed to intensive grazing How can they be sustained / enhanced? to some extent number of animals are reduced
the community is aware of the technilogy How can they be sustained / enhanced? land users construct SWC technologies on their farm land by their own

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
shortage of grazing land	use cut and carry system
destruction of crop by wild animals	making farmers group to protect them
shortage of incentives	practicing more community participation works.