1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil and water protection (EU-SOWAP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Geographical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA CSFK) - 匈牙利

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

18/10/2004

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Non inversion, conservation (soil and water protective) tillage.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

According to our understanding conventional agriculture is based on tillage and it is highly mechanised. Conventional agriculture causes severe land degradation problems including soil erosion and pollution as well as other environmental damages like biodiversity and wildlife reduction, low energy efficiency and a contribution to global warming. Conservation Agriculture is a holistic approach to crop production, which encompasses "Conservation Tillage", and also seeks to preserve biodiversity in terms of both flora and fauna. Activities such as Integrated Crop, Weed, and Pest Management form part of Conservation Agriculture. The concept of "As little as possible, as much as is needed" will be the guiding principles for SOWAP in crop production, when it comes to chemical usage.

Purpose of the Technology: inding and Demonstrating Ways of Better Managing the Land. SOWAP (SOil and WAter Protection - supported by the EU LIFE Programme and by Syngenta) aims to assess the viability of a more "conservation-oriented" agriculture, where fewer tillage practices replace the numerous cultivations carried out under more "conventional" arable farming systems. The use of appropriate chemicals is tested, and their potential for off-site contamination assessed, to ensure that any suggested approaches are environmentally sound.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The SOWAP project started on study sites in Belgium, Czech Republik, Hungary and United Kingdom. I Hungary 3 sites were selected near Lake Balaton. One of them is Dióskál (2). There are 4 conservation and 4 conventional tilled plots, each between 3-5 Ha in size. The project has benn started in 2003.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology came from England, nevetheless it is known among the Hungarian SWC specialists before.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Fine loess soil with significant soil degradation, soil compaction due to inconvenient land use

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): EU and government rules, problems of the subsidy system, sales and marketing concerns

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: maize, winter wheat, maize…

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 185; Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 最小的土壤扰动

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.2012 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of agronomic measures: relay cropping, mulching, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers, rotations / fallows, minimum tillage, contour tillage, breaking compacted subsoil

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects, Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Cp: soil pollution

Main causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (natural soil compaction)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, improvement of soil structure

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Relay cropping
Material/ species: wheat, maize

Mulching
Material/ species: stem remains

Mineral (inorganic) fertilizers
Material/ species: NPK

Rotations / fallows
Material/ species: wheat/maize

Other type of management: change of cultivation method( (non inversion), changing the depth of cultivation

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Hungarian Forint HUF

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

195.8

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Ploughing (yearly)	管理	autumn

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Minimum tillage	农业学的	spring and autumn / after harvest
2.	non inversion, minimum tillage, shallow tillage	管理	autumn / 1x -2x
3.	if needed loosening	管理	early autumn / only if needed

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: powerful tractor, disk, direct drill, harvester, sprayer, cultivator

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

wet weather>get weedy; compacted soil surface>(loosening) chiselling

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: ~ 200 m

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is medium and sometimes high

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: negative

100% of the land users are average wealthy and own 100% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: They have no off-farm incomes.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1 household

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
future subsidy expectations and better chance for competition
soil loss reduction
economicalness
environmental consciousness agriculture

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
soil loss reduction
biodiversity enhancement
spreading of environmental conscious agriculture
soil and water protection
economicalness

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
reduced production (yield)
expensive machines

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Too many tools are required. Expensive machines.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

BIRKÁS, M., JOLÁNKAI, M., GYURICZA, CS., PERCZE, A. (2004): Tillage effects on compaction, earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary.. 2004.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Soil & Tillage Research, Vol. 78. No. 2., pp. 185-196.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

HOLLAND, J.M. (2004): The environmental consequences of adopting conservation tillage in Europe: reviewing the evidence.. 2004.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 103. No. 1., pp. 1-25.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

MANNINGER, G. A. (1957): A talaj sekély művelése.. 1957.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest, 135 p.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

BIRKÁS, M. (2002): Környezetkímélő és energiatakarékos talajművelés.. 2002.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

SZIE, Mezőgazdasági és Környezettudományi Kar, Gödöllő, 345 p.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Talajkímélő művelés és környezetvédelem. 2003.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Gyakorlati Agrofórum Extra 3.