1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ministry of Agriculture of Kazakhstan (MoA) - 厄立特里亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

28/12/2003

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Selection fodder plants and the technology of their cultivation for maximal use of poor soil water in desert

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

1. .Artificial fodder rangelands in desert are created in strong degraded sites by sowing of fodder subshrubs and perennial forbs.
2. The list of the fittest fodder plants, which can maximally effective use the poor desert soil resources, is established
3. The most capable plants belong to Chenopodiacia family: Kohia p., Salsola o., Ceratoides p., Artemisia t., to Areminea family – Agropyrum desertorum.
4. The preparation of soil for sowing is of sparing sort of under-winter ploughing (spike-tooth disk harrow). Sowing of subshrubs is carried out under winter in treated soil with sowing standard 2 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare. Agropyrum d. is sowed in early spring. Before sowing seeds are mixed in equal quantities at total sowing standard 2 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare.
5. The grazing is prohibited in the first year. It is possible to use the sowed site moderately since the latter half of the second year.
The cost of 1 hectare is 2700-3100 tenge with taking into account petrol, salary etc..

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

SPCLHV( Scientific Production Centre for Livestock Husbandry and Veterinary)

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The pasture production decline, containment of livestock husbandry development, low living standards of stock-breeders

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Complication of animal maintenance, worsening of abode ecological conditions, forced migration

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 45; Second longest growing period from month to month: Sep - Oct

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 100-1,000 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 8000 km2.

up to 1991 25-30 thousand hectares were created with such method in South-East of Kazakhstan.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, relay cropping, mixed cropping / intercropping, minimum tillage

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Early planting
Material/ species: Agropurum

Relay cropping
Material/ species: subshrubs

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: subshrubs

Minimum tillage
Remarks: 8-10cm

Vegetative measure: strip width 25-50 m with the some spacing
Vegetative material: O : other
Number of plants per (ha): 30-30
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 25-50

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other

Other species: Combination of Kochia+Solsola+Artemisia+Ceratoides

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Spacing between structures (m): 1
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 500,0

Construction material (earth): The ground wich dug from channels used for strengthening of board

Construction material (other): The polyethylene film cover a bottom of the channal

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	sowing	植物性的	november
2.	Inspection of territories	结构性的	In the spring cropping sea sun
3.	Excavation of channals	结构性的	Before cropping
4.	Creation a drain	结构性的	After planting

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	All the Labour	ha	1.0	9.0	9.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	13.0	13.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	16.0	16.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					38.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Soil surface treatment	农业学的	autumn / 1 time.
2.	Harrowing	农业学的	autumn / 1 time.
3.	Sowing of subshrubs	农业学的	November, December. / 1 time.
4.	Sowing of Agropyrum with postsowing packin	农业学的	March / 1 time.
5.	harrowing	植物性的	early /1 time
6.	Inspection of the channels state of drainage film	结构性的	before watering/4-5 times
7.	Replacement of a drainage film	结构性的	before watering/as reguired 4-5 times

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	All the labour	ha	1.0	3.0	3.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	4.0	4.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					7.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: .tractor ÌÒÇ, flat hoe, seeder, roller

For conditions of degraded wormwood-ephemeron pastures in light clay sand carbonate serozems in north kazakhstan desert subzone

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

value of petrol

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 490-510 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Dust content is up to 80% in autumn

Soil texture (topsoil): Clay sand light serozems

Soil fertility is very low with a humus content of 0.8-1.2%

Topsoil organic matter: 0.8-1.2%

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium due to crushed stone base

Soil water storage capacity is in spring 17-21 and in autumn the producing moisture is lacking

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

10% of the land users are very rich and own 10% of the land.
10% of the land users are rich and own 40% of the land.
10% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Market orientation of production system: The possibility of primary accumulation of circulating

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

其它生态影响

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

12 households coverin 20 percent of stated area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

12 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: stock breeders advantaged and of moderate means can allow the introduction of SWC-technology in small area for now

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
providing of animals with fodder. How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly
improvement of ecological conditions in places of abode How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly
refusal from forced migration How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
increased productivity of rangeland How can they be sustained / enhanced? .for 20 and more years
localization of degradation centers How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly
assured feeding of animals with full fodder How can they be sustained / enhanced? 20 and more years
Maintenance of biodiversity How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly
improvement of living standards of rural community people. How can they be sustained / enhanced? constantly

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
high one time expenses	state grants and awards, credits are needed

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Insufficient development of fodder plant seed-farming	arrangement schemes of primary and marketable seed-farming at research organizations and special farmings of oblasts; decreasing of petrol costs

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

1.Agribiological aspects of creation and use of pasturable phytocenoses in north desert subzone. Abstract of doctoral thesis, Alimaev I., Almaty,. 2001.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Almaty, free. Tel 8-(3272) 21-44-76

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

2.Fodder production of south-east and east regions. /Pastures and haylands of Kazakhstan, Alimaev I., Isakov K., and others, Almaty. 1998.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Almaty, free. Tel 8-(3272) 21-44-76