1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CSE (CSE) - 塞内加尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

26/07/2009

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

An agroforestry system, dominated by Acacia senegal, developed through protection of all naturally regenerating trees with improvement of soil properties through presence of trees, application of manure and a fallow rotation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Acacia senegal is the dominating woody species in this agroforestry system. To improve soil properties and crop production, organic manure is applied and a fallow system practiced. One part of the field is being cultivated with either millet (Pennisetum typhoides), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) or maïz (Zea mais] whereas the other part is left fallow for two years before rotation.

Purpose of the Technology: Initially, the main objective of the land user applying the technology was to improve soil properties and crop production in his fields by maintaining any tree and protecting natural regeneration when preparing his land for cultivation. With the start of exploiting Acacia senegal for the exudates, gum arabic, the potential of revenue increase through gum exploitation became evident and the objective shifted from soil protection to gum exploitation.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Because of knowledge his father passed on to him, the land user applying this agroforestry practice believes that any tree in his fields is useful and should be protected.Through the technique of assisted natural regeneration, trees naturally growing in the field are protected to reach mature age instead of being cut to clear area for cultivation. The only inputs related to this technology are those for seeds for crop cultivation. During the 3-4 months of gum Arabic exploitation, the land user is obliged to survey his fields day and night, as intruders try to tap the Acacia senegal trees illegally. However, this task is fulfilled by the landuser himself and does not involve expenses for payed manpower.

Natural / human environment: This SLM technology site is located in the sylvopastoral region of the Ferlo in the north of Sénégal. The agro-climatic zone is classified as semi-arid with mean annual precipitation of 300-400 mm. The main land use type in the area is extensive pastoralism followed by rainfed agriculture. Pastoralism is primarily practiced by transhumant Fula (Peulh) herders and further by Mauritanian Moor herders with herds of dromedaries. Vegetation cover in the area has been largely degraded due to cutting for domestic uses and cattle feeding, bushfires and overgrazing. The soil is exposed to wind erosion which carries away nutrients in the topsoil and therefore declines soil fertility. During intense rains in the rainy season, surface runoff is accelerated and leads to the formation of gullies and ravines.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

family tradition: the father taught the sons not to cut any trees in their fields, as they have beneficial properties

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): degradation of vegetation cover, wind erosion, increased surface runoff, formation of gullies and ravines, management of natural water sources (people doing laundry and personal hygiene in temporal ponds used as sources of drinking water)

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): wind erosion, water erosion, reduction of vegetation cover

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: July to October

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.35 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures, vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: manure / compost / residues

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: soil management (absence of inorganic fertilizers, reduction of fallow period), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (domestic uses), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing (oversized herds of cattle and dromadaires), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (during rainy season), population pressure (need for pasture and cultivable land), poverty / wealth, education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: organic manure (untreated)

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Get all the seeds	农业学的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
植物材料	Seeds for millet	ha	1.0	1.68	1.68
植物材料	Seeds for groundnut	ha	1.0	5.25	5.25
植物材料	Seeds for cowpeas	ha	1.0	7.85	7.85
技术建立所需总成本					14.78

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Sowing of crops	农业学的	beginning of growing season once a year
2.	Application of manure	农业学的	several times during growing season

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

The landuser has to spend 90-120 person days for surveillance of his Acacia senegal trees every year during the exploitation of gum arabic. No costs incur to the landuser because of this activity, as he or somebody from his family is undertaking the task.The protection of natural regeneration in the fields does not have any costs, as the young trees are not enclosured.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

seeds for crop planting

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: High (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatement required, ranked 1, groundwater from borehole during dry season) and for agricultural use only (irrigation, ranked 2, water from temporary ponds during the rainy season)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Compared to the sudano-guinean zones of the country, this zone is not very species rich

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: women do not have the right to ask for land to cultivate, it can only been attributed to them by their husbands

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

22% of the land users are average wealthy.

Off-farm income specification: no off-farm income (if income generated through gum exploitation is seen as farm income)

Market orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1) and Mixed (ranked 2, only gum from Acacia senegal is sold)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	未知
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	未知

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

the landuser is expecting a rise in income through increased gum production

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
increase of crop production How can they be sustained / enhanced? maintain or increase number of trees in fields
increase of income How can they be sustained / enhanced? assist natural regeneration of Acacia senegal
provision of shade for cattle and increased availability of manure as consequence How can they be sustained / enhanced? maintain or increase number of trees in fields

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
increase of soil fertility increase of soil organic matter How can they be sustained / enhanced? increase the number of trees with positive impact on soil fertility improve manure application and increase number of trees in cultivated part
reduction of wind erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? increase tree abundance
maintenance of woody species diversity
improvement of soil cover How can they be sustained / enhanced? increase tree abundance
little to no costs of establishment

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
surveillance of Acacia senegal trees during exploitation season required	establish a fence
crop damaging birds find a habitat to build nests in trees	put scarecrows

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
tendency towards a monoculture of Acacia senegal (in the part of the field left fallow)	encourage natural regeneration of other local species as well