1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) (Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA)) - 智利

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

10/11/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) of legumes as a source of N in crop rotations with cereals in Mediterranean Chile

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the past, legumes were commonly used as a biological and economic source of N for farming systems. Nowadays, N-fixing legumes have been recovering as viable crops because of the increased cost of N fertilizer and the need to develop more sustainable farming systems.

Purpose of the Technology: These systems combine phases of legumes of different duration, in which N is fixed and accumulates in the soil, followed by phases of cereal growing during which accumulated N is extracted

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: In this new rotation for rainfed agricultural systems in Central Chile, four legume-wheat rotations were compared to a monoculture crop rotation (wheat followed by oat). The legume species are: the narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolium); Wonga (early-flowering and high-yielding narrow-leafed lupin variety), yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus); Motiv, Peas (Pisum sativum); Rocket and a fodder mixture of vetch (Vicia atropurpurea) with oats. Legume seeds were inoculated with a specific Rhizobium. In the year following the legume crop, wheat was seeded without N fertilisation on the incorporated residues of grain legumes and green manure (vetch with oats). The BNF in the grain legumes varies from 124 to 178 kg N ha-1, depending on the type of legume. Peas are the most efficient fixing legume crop. In the lupins - wheat (L. angustifolius) rotation without application of N to the wheat after lupins, production of wheat was between 79 and 110% of that when fertilised with N. In the peas - wheat rotation, a yield equivalent to 72 and 105% of the wheat fully fertilised with N was obtained. While peas (Pisum sativum) can be eaten as a green vegetable, lupins and Vicia are used as fodder supplements for animals.

Natural / human environment: The new rotations were developed and evaluated experimentally. Then, through a technology transfer programme, the technology was transferred to real conditions with farmers in a programme covering 250 ha in the municipality of Yumbel.

The area has a subhumid Mediterranean climate with an average annual precipitation of 695 mm (80% concentrated in winter), with five months of drought. Soils are Alfisols of the Cauquenes type, classified as Ultic Palexeralfs. The soil is formed from weathered granite with moderately acidic conditions and low organic carbon. Clay content in the soil is 15% at depths of 0-18 cm depth. Below this depth, it is above 44%. The topography comprises a hillslope with a gradient of 10-20 % and the main traditional crop rotation is oat-wheat or wheat-natural pasture. The farmers are smallholders working on their own land. The sizes of the holdings on the dryland soils vary from 5 to 20 ha.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): In rainfed areas of the Mediterranean region of Chile, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is mainly produced in rotation with oats (Avena sativa) and therefore N is obtained from the soil and synthetic N fertilizers applied during sowing and ploughing. These intensive crop rotations have resulted in deterioration of the physical properties and a depletion of soil fertility as a result of the drastic reduction in organic matter content of these soils.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Mar - Nov

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 250 km2

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Main causes of degradation: soil management, change in temperature, change of seasonal rainfall, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Lupins forming part of the crop sequence (Lupinus angustifolium)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), promotion of new crops and varieties

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Seeding legumes	农业学的
2.	Application of fertilizer	农业学的
3.	Harvesting with special machinery	农业学的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Seed, fertilize and harvest	ha	1.0	146.0	146.0	100.0
设备	Rent seeder machine+harvesting	ha	1.0	293.0	293.0	60.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	306.0	306.0	80.0
技术维护所需总成本					745.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

There are not establishment inputs and costs because in annual crops all the cost are recurrent

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also hilly

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is very low

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor

Soil water storage capacity is very low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

80% of the land users are poor and own 60% of the land.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

注释:

This technology should be complemented with no tillage and subsoiling of the soil (see QT CHL01).

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: This is a new approach to the cereal production system in rainfed areas. Initially the adoption has been slow, as the results obtained in the project are recent.

Comments on adoption trend: . Hence it is expected that in the future the adoption of this technology increases up to 20,000 ha in the “secano interior” of south-central Chile

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduces the costs of fertiliser: the incorporation of legumes in the rotation cycle means a saving of 30% of nitrogen fertilizer in cereal production costs How can they be sustained / enhanced? keep the phases of legumes sufficiently frequent and long
Increases the economic benefits. When analysing the whole farming system, replacing the traditional rotation of wheat followed by natural pasture, implies two economic benefits for the producer: increasing the income by the incorporation of a new crop (legumes) and the reduction of costs in the fertilization of cereals.
Increase soil organic matter: the new rotation system means a new concept in the management of crop residues. These should be incorporated into the soil, which in the medium and long term will involve an increase in the soil organic matter content How can they be sustained / enhanced? ensure application of the new management of crop residues
The new rotation system involves an increase in productivity of the land, as it incorporates new cultures and improves the physical and chemical conditions of the soils.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Necessity of more training for the farmers	improve / enhance agricultural extension

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Espinoza, S., Ovalle, C., del Pozo, A., Zagal, E., Urquiaga, S. 2011. Biological Fixation of N2 in mono and polyspecific legume pasture in the humid Mediterranean zone of Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 71(1):132-139.