1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

04/06/2014

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Enhancement of sustainable land management by capitalizing on the rapid growth, short gestation nature and multiple benefits of small ruminants kept under zero grazing in a banana based farming system.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Multiplier banana fertilization is a system where rapid growing small ruminants (preferably dairy goats) of low gestation period are kept under zero grazing within a banana based (Kibanja) farming system and their excrement are used in complementing other fertilization of the banana fields. Dairy goats also improve diet of the rural poor and diversify their income. The animals were initially supported by SLM projects as quick win income generating motivation/incentives to farmer who spent their valuable time in SLM activities of long term benefit realization. In multiplier fertilization, a farmer starts only with a few numbers of animals (as kick start). Usually 2 female dairy goats and one improved male goat (buck) suffice. Goat dung collected from the shed is used to perform selective and on spot application of manure to banana plants. Because of their rapid growth and short gestation nature, goats multiplies and increase in number within few years and at the same time in multiplier terms farmers spread and apply manure to more banana plants. Farmers begin with a small animal shed of usually carrying capacity of 4 to 6 goats and can expand it as goat increases. Goats feed on products cut and carried outside or within the kibanja farm. Animals also feed on domestic residuals (e.g. banana peels), food supplements and water for their maximum performance. Goat dung is collected weekly from the shed and is piled in layers, covered with grass and kept shaded under banana canopies to allow microbial action and minimize nutrient loss through volatilization. Depending on the growth stage of banana, dry manure is applied on sport and selectively after every three months of microbial decay. The numbers of animal increases year after year at the same time farmer benefit from the use/sale of animal product (milk in the short term and meat in the long term) and in multiplier manner continue expanding manure application to other banana plants. Manure from goats contributes in improved banana productivity. Benefits accrued from goats also motivate and induce farmers’ patience in terms of their participation in SLM interventions of long term benefit realization.

Purpose of the Technology: Purposes: improved banana productivity, livelihood diversification, income of the rural poor and soil ecosystem through fertility and organic matter replenishment.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Establishment activities includes, kick start support of farmers with goats (two dairy goats and an improved buck), construction of the goat shed (100% borne by land user to inculcate self-initiative and ownership) and purchase of working tools (spade, rake, hand hoe).
Recurrent activities largely includes, fetching fodders and feeding the animals (cut and carry products outside or within the kibanja), weekly cleaning of the goat shed and manure collection, manure heaping and grass covering for microbial decay/reducing nutrient volatilization, spreading/cooling, monthly on spot and selective application of manure to banana plants, milking of the animals, disease control/deworming and providing supplements.

Natural / human environment: Multiplier banana manure application is used in kibanja farming system in sub humid tropical highland plateau/plains of 1000 -1500m a.s.l. with annual rainfall between 1000 – 1500mm, moderate soil depth and medium loam textural class.
Is used by small scale land users both men and women individual households. In Kibanja farm, land ownership is largely individual not titled and is acquired through inheritance. Production system is mixed (both for subsistence and commercial).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Started in December 2012 as part of environmental sound income generating activities promoted and supported by the Trans-boundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (KAGERA TAMP).

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Without land conservation there will be inadequate/poor soil fertility and organic matter content, low soil moisture holding capacity, poor health of banana and their increased vulnerability to pest and diseases especially the most devastating Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW).

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Banana Xanthomonas Wilt, weak banana plants and low production.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: September to December Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

The technology is implemented in Kibanja cropping land use type by individual farmers who received support of diary goats from the Trans-boundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (TAMP) as quick win and environmental sound motivation for farmers who spend their valuable time in implementation of SLM intervention of long term benefit realization.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, mulching, green manure, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Low soil fertilization/manure application), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Poor banana husbandry practces), population pressure (High land requirement and continuous utilization without fallowing.), poverty / wealth (low investment capacity), education, access to knowledge and support services (Shortage of staff, inadequate extension services and provision of subsidies.), governance / institutional (Low bylaws/law enforcements (e.g. on BXW control))

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

and rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate (Involve simple retraining of technologies already taught to staff in school/agricultural collages.)
Technical knowledge required for land users: high (Have some elements of new skills and knowledge. e.g. a farmers must be taught of the principle behind zero grazing and manure preparation (microbial decomposition/control of mineral volatilization))

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil
Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Banana, castrol oil, yams
Quantity/ density: various
Remarks: scattered

Mulching
Material/ species: Banana thrashes and stems
Quantity/ density: 100m3/ha
Remarks: thinly pread seasonaly twice per year

Green manure
Material/ species: Various types of weeds
Quantity/ density: various
Remarks: scattered

Legume inter-planting
Quantity/ density: various
Remarks: random

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Goat dung, grass and domestc residues
Quantity/ density: 222 m3/ha
Remarks: Assuming got dung is applied once per hactere

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Tanzanian shillings

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

1700.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Purchase goats (dairy goats)	管理
2.	Build animal shed	结构性的
3.	Purchase tools	管理

注释:

Lifespan of the goats and tools: 5 years
Lifespan of the shed: 3 years

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Tools	piece	5.0	2.8	14.0	100.0
施工材料	Goat shed	piece§	1.0	29.0	29.0	100.0
其它	Goats	piece	3.0	70.33333	211.0
技术建立所需总成本					254.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Fetching fodder (cut and carry) and use of domestic residuals.	农业学的	Daily/annually
2.	Cleaning shed and collecting manure	农业学的	weekly/annually
3.	Heaping manure and compost	农业学的	weekly/annually
4.	Tilling on sport and selective application around banana	农业学的	March, June, Sept and Decemb
5.	Disease control/de-worming	农业学的	weekly/annally

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Fetching fodder (cut and carry) and use of domestic residuals.	person/days	120.0	1.175	141.0	100.0
劳动力	Cleaning shed and collecting manure	person/days	26.0	0.8848	23.0	100.0
劳动力	Heaping manure and compost	person/days	26.0	0.8848	23.0	100.0
劳动力	Tilling on sport and selective application around banana	person/days	16.0	1.1875	19.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocides	litres	12.0	3.91666	47.0	100.0
其它	Labour: Disease control/de-worming	person/days	26.0	1.1925	31.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					284.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Spade, rake, hand hoe, machete and bucket.
The costs were calculated per unit of kick start animal flock (three dairy goats) needed annually per individual farmer household.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour is the most determinant factor affecting the costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (about 60cm)
Soil texture: Medium (highly clay loam)
Soil fertility: Low (due to excessive nutrient uptake without replenishment)
Top soil organic matter: Low (low crop remains)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Good (no water logging)
Soil water storagce capacity: Very high (nature of soil is loamy)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water: Medium (water is available in nearby natural water spring. There is reduction of water flow during the dry season)
Water quality (untreated): Good drinking water as it comes from a natural spring

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Soil microorganisms e.g earthworms and ants.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 200-500 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2%; 1%

6% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land.
64% of the land users are average wealthy and own 64% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 6% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Some have established small kiosk at the village center and most have additional income items of regular support, assistance and cash transference from children or family members who work or have big business in cities, town and in some cases in diaspora.
Market orientation: Mixed (Banana and goats/milk are produced for both sell and home consumption)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (land form and agroecological nature of the kibanja farm cause hand hoe to be the best means of cultivation)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

注释:

Land is largely acquired by inheritance. Traditionally water is open accessed for public use through customary law.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	未知
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	未知

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好

注释:

Storage of crop remains, hay making for animal to have enough food and produce more meat, milk as well as manure.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

goats give quick win benefits because have short gestation period, usually gives twin kidding twice per year. Their average lactation period is 250 days and a single goat can produce average of 750 litres of milk per year worthy about 441 American dollars.

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

317 households and 23% of the area covered

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

4% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
317 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: The project supported procurement of goats.

31% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
317 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: goat keeping is part of tradition and culture.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: Some neighboring farmers have started adoption.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology is simple and easy to learn and have a short establishment time due to the short gestation nature of the goats themselves (only two female goats and an improved buck, a goat shed and some concentrates suffice for initial investment).
In the long term has synergistic effect and complements other existing land fertilization, moisture conservation and erosion control methods e.g. the quality of compost is improved.
Improves livelihood (goats act as moving banks and contributes in farmer income assurance during the sensitive time e.g. sending children to school or wives to maternal/birth services) and nutrition to farmers (farmers attain a balanced diet from milk protein).
Increased banana production and continuous returns in multiplier terms. Goats also convert domestic residuals (e.g. banana peels) into useful products .
Maintenance activities can be covered by land users and this help in ensuring self-initiative and ownership

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High workload in looking for fodder	Introduce fodder within kibanja farm
Shortage of genetically improved dairy goats	Introduce genetically improved dairy goats.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Shortage in the number of field extension workers needed for effective extension service delivery	Government employ more extension worker
Limited reach ability of extension staff due to shortage of transport facilities.	Provision of reliable transport facilities to extension workers.
Agro-vert/input dealers services are not available in the rural premises.	Introduce agro-vert/input dealers in rural premises.
Goat provision and distribution to farmers done at a small pace	Expand goat provision and distribution to more farmers.
Rural urban migration of the youth searching for greener pasture leaving behind the less energetic elders.	Introduce attractive and decent income generating activities for youth in the rural areas.

7.1 信息的方法/来源