1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Kathmandu University (KU) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

04/01/2015

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The technology used is improved stove. An improved stove is a device that is designed to consume less fuel and save cooking time,convenient in cooking process and creates smokeless environment or reduction in volume of smoke against the traditional stove.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Technology used is improved stove. Improved stove is more efficient to use than traditional stove. Efficient in the sense that it consumes less fire wood (half than that consumed by traditional stove). It consists of one input hole to feed the wood and the heat is transferred throughout the stove which saves the firewood consumption. There is a hole for the passage of smoke.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purposes of this technology are:
• Increased thermal efficiency
• Conservation of forests by cutback in firewood conservation
• Reduction in indoor air pollution and hence smoke released health disorders
• Prevention of fire hazards
• Reduction of cooking time

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The factory for khuwa production was established in 2050 BS. It is continued from their ancestors. In ancient time, for the production large amount of firewood was needed and from this large amount of smoke was released which gave rise to health problems and environmental pollution.

Now, the technology has changed but the process is still the same. Improved stove is used instead of traditional stove. For the improved stove materials required are soil, iron rod & tin. Other tools and utensils are dabilo,khurpi, karai & bowl. Monthly maintenance is required.

Natural / human environment: This technology is environment friendly. This technology has direct effect on the agro forestry sector, rural economy and health.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

established in 2050 BS.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• Increases efficiency

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Air pollution from the smoke

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): He says that there is no pollution.

Forest products and services: fuelwood

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 充分灌溉

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 节能技术

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 28-97 m2.

There are altogether 17 factories for the production of khuwa. Combinely the technology is implemented n 1-10 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (requirement of wood as firewood), change in temperature (increase in temperature due to burning of firewood), inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (problems due to transportation, market unavailablity)

Secondary causes of degradation: release of airborne pollutants (urban/industry…) (smoke from firewood), poverty / wealth (people are poor), labour availability (provides employment opportunity to local people)

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Fig(1) shows the orthographic and isometric view of improved stove.

Location: Chyamrangbesi. Kavre

Date: 15th Jan 2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (labour is needed for utilizing the technology)

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter

Secondary technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Structural measure: hole for smoke passage

Structural measure: 1 m iron rod to support stove

Construction material (earth): The improved soil is made up of soil or mud.

Construction material (other): Iron rod is used to support the stove and tin is used to build chimneys.

Layout change according to natural and human environment

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

-1.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Labour	结构性的	Monthly
2.	Construction of improved stove	结构性的	once
3.	Instrument/cost of the tools	结构性的	once
4.	construction of hole for passage of smoke	管理	once

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	unit	1.0	68.98	68.98	100.0
设备	Stove and tools	unit	1.0	284.09	284.09	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					353.07

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Stove	结构性的	monthly
2.	Labour for repairing stove	结构性的	monthly

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Reparing stove	unit	1.0	3.44	3.44	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					3.44

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Milk fat determines the cost of the milk.Transportation fee, labor cost & distribution of khuwa(milk products) affect the cost.

5.2 地形

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are involved with the household chores and people say that women cannot do such works.

Annual population growth: > 4%; 5%

65% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land (mostly the land users who apply the SLM technology).
35% of the land users are poor and own 30% of the land (some are poor).

Market orientation of production system: Commercial/ market (milk product is sent to the market,so it is commercial), only few production are used are used subsistence (self-supply)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

注释:

only the owner have the right.

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	不好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	未知
局地风暴	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	未知

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	未知

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好
seasonal changes	不好

注释:

concrete improved stove can be made in order to improve the tolerance than soil improved stove.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: this technology has been used by 17 land user and this technology is increasing in practice.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
less consumption of wood How can they be sustained / enhanced? they can be enhanced by using modern machine which operates by electricity. By this there would be no pollution.
pollution reduction
ashes after burning firewood can be used as organic matter for soil

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
low cost, local availability and easy to manufacture
reduced concentrations of smoke and indoor air pollution
saves time and money in acquiring fuel
less pressure on forest and energy resources

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
monthly repairing is required	Implement new technology i.e. use machine that runs by electricty