1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

25/03/1999

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Ripploughing and oversowing (sodsowing) of extensive grazing land in order to improve productivity of a semi-arid rangeland.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

A pasture characterised by the unpalatable Cymbopogen plurinoides grass species was rip-ploughed to a depth of 20, 15, or 7 cm to uproot the unfavourable grass species.
Coated and uncoated seeds of more palatable grass species were hand sown into the furrows and the soil kicked over the seeds.
Grazing has been excluded for the past four years, giving the sown-in grass species the opportunity to establish and credit the soil seed bank.
The purpose of the technology was threefold: First, the success of rip-ploughing as a restoration technology was researched. Secondly, the suitability of coated or uncoated seeds was established. Thirdly, the suitability of the technology for restoration purposes was researched. This was done in the summer of 1995/96. The frequency and density was measured in the following years up to 1999. The density was measured with a 1 x 1 square meter; and tillers, vegetative and reproductive plants were distinguished.
The purpose of the frequency measurement is to establish the percentage a grass species contributes to the grass community. The density measurement gives the amount of rooted plants in a square meter. Distinction between the life stages indicates the self-sustainability of a population. Seed bank analyses are also added.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

Lennof Reynecke (fellow student) & Klaus Kellner (lecturer)

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing or rather mismanagement led to i) dominance of the unpalatable grass species at Koster, and ii) bare soil at Totiuskraal, Davidkatnagel and Krompspruit.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Erosion/overgrazing making area unsuitable for grazing because of lack of vegetation of appropriate palatability and nutrition.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Kromspruit; Davidkatnagel

Ranching: Totiuskraal; Koster

Grazingland comments: Area closure only followed on incentive of researchers. Koster duplicated area enclosure on own initiative afterwards.

Type of grazing system comments: Area closure only followed on incentive of researchers. Koster duplicated area enclosure on own initiative afterwards.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Mar

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.1 m2.

The localities are not strictly basin, except Kromspruit & Tweefontein. Davidkatnagel has no slope. Totiuskraal lies between the watershed and basin.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Site plan for rip-ploughing and hand sowing of palatable grasses.

North West

Date: 1999

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase in soil fertility

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 100
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.8

Grass species: Anthephora pubescens, Digitaria erlantha, Chloris gayana, Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum maximum

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 8.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 8.00%

Change of land use type: Area close for plant establishment

Change of land use practices / intensity level: After plant establishment grazing occurs as in 2.4.3.3

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Seedbed reparation	植物性的	Summer
2.	Sowing of seeds	植物性的	Summer
3.	Enclosing site	植物性的	Summer
4.	Debushing were necessary	植物性的	Early Summer
5.	Area enclosure	管理	From start for 2 years

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Constructing seed beds and	persons/day/ha	36.0	8.3	298.8
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0
技术建立所需总成本					308.8

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Grazing excluded	植物性的	/Continuously
2.	Grazing	植物性的	Spring (Apr-Sept) /After 2 y for a week; then after regrowth
3.	Rotation grazing	管理	Late summer after 2nd year / Once a year for winte

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

For Koster, in terms of seeds and tractors; as well as final credit after 3 years measured in R/ large stock unit.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour and transport; equipment (gasoline).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Hill slopes for Totiuskraal, footslopes for Koster and valley floors for Davidkatnagel; Kromspruit

Altitudinal zone: 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l. for Totiuskraal

Slopes on average: Flat for Davidkatnagel, gentle for Kromspruit and moderate for Koster; Totiuskraal

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: All sites actually; sandy clay loam: the soil is evenly textured but has a high clay content

Soil fertility is very high

Topsoil organic matter: Medium for Koster and poor for Kromspruit, Davidkatnagel and Totiuskraal.

Soil drainage / infiltration: Medium for Koster and poor for Kromspruit, Davidkatnagel and Totiuskraal.

Soil water storage capacity: medium - high

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Relative level of wealth: rich, average, very poor

40% of the land users are rich and own 30% of the land (Koster).
40% of the land users are average wealthy and own 30% of the land (Totiuskraal).
20% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land (Kromspruit; Davidkatnagel).

Off-farm income specification: Farmers have extra-farm occupations for the Totiuskraal area

Market orientation of production system: Subsistence for Kromspruit; Davidkatnagel and commercial for Totiuskraal; Koster

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

30 households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

30 land user families have adopted the Technology

Comments on acceptance with external material support: estimates

25% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: estimates

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: One land user applied the technology to another part of his farm.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Vegetation cover How can they be sustained / enhanced? Rotational grazing

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Establishment of perennial grass cover How can they be sustained / enhanced? Grazing management; not graze to seed production stage.
Increase of perennial grass production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Grazing management
Find suitable seed mixtures for different habitats How can they be sustained / enhanced? Literature study on habitat preferences
Seed bed preparation enhance establishment How can they be sustained / enhanced? Know exact depth of sowing of seeds.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Implementation in communal areas mostly	Brainstorm on implementation without gasoline needed.
Communication with landuser	Contact on monthly basis built friendship

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Veld management in South Africa, Tainton. 1985.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

From researcher