1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ISRIC World Soil Information (ISRIC World Soil Information) - 荷兰

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Beijing Normal University (Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Beijing Normal University) - 中国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

GEF/OP12 Gansu Project (GEF/OP12 Gansu Project) - 中国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/03/2006

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Level bench terraces on the Loess Plateau, converting eroded and degraded sloping land into a series of steps suitable for cultivation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The Loess Plateau in north-central China is characterised by very deep loess parent material (up to 200 m), that is highly erodible and the source of most of the sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
The plateau is highly dissected by deep gullied valleys and gorges. The steep slopes, occupying 30-40% of the plateau area, have been heavily degraded by severe top soil and gully erosion. Over the whole Loess Plateau approximately 73,350 km2 of these erosion prone slopes have been conserved by terraces.
In the case study area (Zhuanglang County) the land that is suitable for terracing has been completely covered. The total terraced area is 1,088 km2, accounting for 90% of the hillsides. The terraces were constructed manually, starting at the bottom of the slopes and proceeding from valley to the ridge. The terraces comprise a riser of earth, with vertical or steeply sloping sides and an approximately flat bed (level bench). Depending on farmers preference some terrace beds are edged by a raised lip (a small earth ridge) which retains rainwater, others remain without lip. The semi-arid climate does not require a drainage system. For typical hillside terraces on slopes of 25-35% the bed width is about 3.5-5 metres with a 1-2 metre riser, involving moving about 2,000-2,500 cubic metres of soil (see table of technical specifications). Generally the risers are not specifically protected, but there may be some natural grasses growing on the upper part. The lower part of the riser is cut vertically into the original soil surface, and has no grass cover, being dry and compact. However it is not erosion-prone since it has a stable structure.
Over most of the Loess Plateau, the soil is very deep and therefore well suited to terrace construction. In addition to downstream benefits, the purpose is to create a better environment for crop production through improved moisture conservation, and improved ease of farming operations. In an average rainfall year, crop yields on terraced land are more than three times higher than they used to be on unterraced, sloping land. The implication is that terrace construction - though labour intensive - pays back in only three to four years when combined with agronomic improvements (such as applying farm yard manure and planting green manure). Some farmers try to make the best use of the upper part of terrace risers by planting cash trees or forage crops - including Hippophae rhamnoides (seabuckthorn), Caragana korshinskii (peashrub) and some leguminous grass. This is locally termed ‘terrace bund economy’. The plants stabilise the risers and at the same time provides extra benefits.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Cultivation of unterraced hillside slopes leads to serious soil erosion and problems of downstream sedimentation.
Loss of topsoil and rainwater in uncontrolled runoff has contributed to declining crop yields.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 160Longest growing period from month to month: May to September

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

• terraces

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 1080 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wo: offsite degradation effects, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Absence or bad maintenance of erosion control measures), other human induced causes (specify), poverty / wealth (Lack of captial), education, access to knowledge and support services (Lack of knowledge)

Secondary causes of degradation: labour availability (Lack of labour)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Layout of level bench terraces on the Loess Plateau: the lower, vertical section is cut into the compacted soil. Natural grasses -
or planted grass/ shrub species - protect the more erodible and less steep upper part of the riser. The low ‘lip’ is optional.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, retains runoff in-situ, reduces downstream flooding, reduces sediment deposition (a national/regional concern)

Structural measure: level bench terraces
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-2
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3.5-5

Construction material (earth): loess parent material

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 30%

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Contour lines are marked out using pegs to show the location for the base of each terrace wall	结构性的	-
2.	A trench is dug out along the marked line to serve as the foundation	结构性的
3.	A trench is dug out along the marked line to serve as the foundation	结构性的	-
4.	The topsoil between the pegged lines is removed and put aside	结构性的
5.	See Annex T3: alternative ways of constructing the wall/riser, bed	结构性的
6.	The wall is raised slightly higher to form a lip to retain rainwater on the	结构性的	-

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Voluntary and paid (building terraces)	ha	1.0	1200.0	1200.0	97.0
劳动力	survey of labour	ha	1.0	60.0	60.0
设备	tools	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
施工材料	earth	ha	1.0
技术建立所需总成本					1290.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 4 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	1. Repairing any collapses in the terrace wall – often caused by heavy	结构性的
2.	2. Re-levelling of the terraces where necessary. This work is usually done by hand, using shovels and two-wheel carts.	结构性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Reparing terraces	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0	97.0
设备	tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0
施工材料	earth	ha	1.0
技术维护所需总成本					35.0

注释:

Calculations above are based on the following situation: slopes of about 25-35%, bed width of 3.5-6 m, and a 1-2 m high riser, involving moving about 2,000-2,500 cubic metres of soil. Note: these calculations are based on several years experience in Zhuanglang: that is why they differ in some respects from the standardised table in 2.4.1.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: also rolling
Altitudinal zone: 501- 2000 m a.s.l.
Landforms: Also ridges

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: low-medium
Soil drainage / infiltration: good

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: working in construction, temporary employments
Market orientation mixed (subsistence and commercial): ash crop (peas) and food crops (potatoes, wheat, maize, millet, sorghum)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

NA

注释:

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: - The technology was implemented on a large scale through government initiated mass campaigns.
- The technology has generally not spontaneously spread beyond the areas developed through government intervention: the area that is suitable for terracing has been covered.
- Uncertainty over future land use rights limits the willingness of households to meet the costs of terrace construction.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Diversification of production: terracing makes cultivation of new cash crops possible: flax (for linseed oil), pears, apples, apricots, water melon; all these give high returns and thus make terrace construction profitable.
Benefits pay back the investments after only three to four years; approx. calculated on the basis of US$ 450 extra income per annum per hectare (for wheat) vs US$ 1,200 labour investment per hectare.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduced erosion, reduced loss of rainwater through runoff (increased in water use efficiency) and reduced fertility loss due to reduced slope angle and length How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain the quality of terrace construction.
Increased soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Construct/maintain a terrace lip to retain rainwater on the terrace
Increased crop production (before 1983 hunger and starvation in the area) How can they be sustained / enhanced? Combine with improved crop husbandry.
Easier field operations: the level terrace is easier to cultivate than the original hill slope.
Improvements of farmers’ living standard and decline in poverty stricken population.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Terrace riser can be destroyed by storms – and, sometimes, rodent holes	Good and timely repair and maintenance: planting upper parts of the risers with grass, bushes or even trees help to stabilise the risers but can lead to competition with the crop for water.
High cost/input for construction and establishment	Given the high erodibility of the soil and the steep slopes there is no real alternatives to labour-intensive terracing.
High loss of soil moisture due to evaporation from the soil surface. Wind erosion due to tillage	Protect soil surface for example by conservation agriculture – comprising permanent cover, crop rotation, reduced tillage – could be supplementary agronomic and vegetative options.
Decrease in production in first year	Apply manure and fertilizer.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Terraces In China. Published By Ministry Of Water Resources Beijing, PRC.. 1989.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Conservancy engineering budgetary estimateration. Issued by Ministry of water resources of PRC, Published by Yellow-river water conservancy publishing company, Zhengzhou, PRC. 2003.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

A Great Cause for Centuries – 50 Years in Water and Soil Conservation in China. Published by Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Ministry ofWater Resources Beijing, PRC. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Dongyinglin, Changpiguang, Wangzhihua: Discussion on several questions onincreasing production of the terrace with two banks; Soil and Water Conservation Science and Technology in Shanxi. No. 1, p 36–37. 1990.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Liumingquan, Zhangaiqin, Liyouhua:Pattern engineering of reconstruction the slope cropland; Soil and Water Conservation Science and Technology in Shanxi,No. 3, p 18–21. 1992.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Liangqichun, Changfushuang, Liming: A study on drawing up budgetary estimate quota of terraced field; Bulletin of Soil andWater Conservation, Vol. 21, No. 5, p 41–44. 2001.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Lixuelian, Qiaojiping: Synthetic technology of fertilizing and improving production on the newterrace. Terraces in China. Soil and Water Conservation Science and Technology in Shanxi, No. 3, p 13–14. 1998.