1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

SPC of Forest Facility (SPC of Forest Facility) - 哈萨克斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

10/12/2003

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Technology of creation of meliorative plantings for struggle against wind and water erosion

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In Syrdarya river’s delta on alluvial drought sandy and loam sand soils processes of wind and water erosion become more active with a view of protection of the soils it is applied covering fascine made from a local cane or reed. Fascines thickness 12-15 cm settle down on a surface by lines in a 2-3 m. On distance of 20 centimeters it is carried out planting of a saxaul seedlings
-Planting of the saplings was done in holes and uninterrupted furrows, which were formed by hands.
-Depth of holes and furrows is 20-25 cm.
-Distance between holes was 1.5-2 m.
-Furrows were perpendicular to the prevailing winds (west-east) and placing mould in several optio0ns: 1- moulds on both sides; 2- the same from the southern side of a furrow; 3- the same from the northern side. Furrows alternated with holes rows.
-Length of rows variants in repetition was 100 m.
-Saplings were filled up by hands in rows in 1-2 meters, distance between rows was 2-2.5 meters.
Prevention of water and wind erosion on sandy and loamy sand soils of the Syrdarya delta.
Many farmers use the given technology for prevention of wind and water erosion on the lands.
The technology is applied on the area of 1.5 sq.km. Expenses per 1 ha make 99.2 $ USA or 14880 tenge.
Irrevocable water consumption in agricultural land use in the Syrdarya delta, development of the areas of irrigation, livestock grazing led to the contradiction between the agricultural industry and the ecological state of the region. It caused more intense processes of desertification, among them are soil salification and increase in the groundwater mineralization: degradation of vegetation cover; erosion and soil deflation; wind-blowing of the salts from dried bed of the Aral Sea; sand advance on the arable land, etc. At present about of 60% of irrigated areas within the Syrdarya delta are strongly salificated.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

From Kazakh Research Institute of forest management at 1989-2002

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Loss of biological variety, degrodation of lands for agriculturing

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Approach of sand to settlements and agricultural grounds

Grazingland comments: With a transitional economy and absence of market relations it is prevail a fine farms with a small amount of cattle on a farmstead

Type of grazing system comments: With a transitional economy and absence of market relations it is prevail a fine farms with a small amount of cattle on a farmstead

Constraints of mines and extractive industries: old system of landed property

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 208; Longest growing period from month to month: Apr - Oct

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 防风林/防护林带
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1,000-10,000 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3.5 km2.

Loamy sand and sandy alluvial desertification soils of delta of the river Syrdarya are subject to process of wind erosion Deflation-accumulative prosses create threat for settlement

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (agricultural causes - Excessive water-fence on an irrigation from the rivers Syrdarya and Amurdarya.)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Destraction saxaul fuel.), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (High wind activity in region (prevalence of winds with a speed up to 5 min/sec).)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Ameliorative plantings

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: reduction in wind speed

Aligned: -against wind
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs, G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 3000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 2
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1,5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0,2

Trees/ shrubs species: saxaul seedling

Grass species: prostrate summer cypress, winterfat, corn

Dam/ pan/ pond
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 2
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0,05
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0,5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 100

Construction material (other): Reed fascines

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Stacking of fascines	植物性的	summer
2.	Slips' planting	植物性的	autumn, spring
3.	Laying fascines	结构性的	summer
4.	Slips' planting	结构性的	spring, autumn

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	persons/day/ha	3.0	5.0	15.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	165.0	165.0	100.0
施工材料	Other	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					220.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 24 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Additional planting	植物性的	spring /1
2.	Supplementary slips' planting	结构性的	spring, autumn/1
3.	Supplementary fascines' setting	结构性的	spring, autumn/1

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Reed fascines against deflation 100 m in length, 0,5 m in breadth 50 pieces per ha
Saxaul’s seedling every 2 m lines, distance between slips-1.5 m, 3300 pieces per ha

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Manufacturing of reed fascines, purchase and planting saxaul's seedlinfs

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 58-53 m abs. of hight

Landforms: Poorly wavy inclined plan

Slopes on average: Weakly wavy

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Depth of humus under 5sm

Soil fertility is very low 0,191 of humus

Topsoil organic matter: 0,13-0,26%

Soil drainage / infiltration is good ins sandy and loamy soils and medium in clay

Soil water storage capacity is very low - low

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Annual population growth: negative

20% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
60% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: With falling a level of Aral sea and degradation of the natural invironment in dicline there came all branches of agriculture and fishing industry

Level of mechanization: Fascines and planting of bushes are manually spread

Market orientation of production system: Rise of pastures' fodder capacity

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

15 households covering 20 percent of stated area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

15 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The increase of deflated and eroded areas compels farmers to apply SWC

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Decrease in the areas of wind and water erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? For a long time enough depending on life cycle of wood-bushes vegetation
Improvement of microclimatic conditions of settlements How can they be sustained / enhanced? During all time of existence of the green zone created with the help of SWC

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Stabilization of mobile sand How can they be sustained / enhanced? At rational use of technology the created ecosystem can be supported for some life cycles with help of the main wood breed
Elimination of drifts of settlements by sand
Returning the grounds in rotation of the pasture
Creation of additional workplaces

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Shortage of seedlings for the big areas	Creation of artificial nurseries

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Almost hundred percentage use of manual skills	Development of new machines and mechanisms
Probably low survival of seedlings and absence of shoots because the weather conditions are not good enough	The organization of post planting watering

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

"To develop scientific bases of forest amelioration of the grounds of a naked bottom of Aral sea, classification of types of growth conditions" Kaverin V.S.. 2000y.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

SPC for forest facility58 Kirov str. Shuchinsk cityAkmola regionThe Republic of Kazakhstan