1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

06/06/2006

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A method for increasing the productivity of rice by changing the management of plants, soil, water, and nutrients.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was developed in Madagascar by Henri de Laulanie, in the 1980s. He worked with Malagasy farmers and colleagues to improve the possibilities of rice production. The practice contributes to both healthier soil and healthier plants, supported by greater root growth and the nurturing of soil microbial abundance and diversity. It is based on a number of well-founded
agro-ecological principles. SRI concepts and practices have also been successfully adapted to upland rice.
SRI involves transplanting very young rice seedlings (usually 8-12 days old with just two small leaves) carefully and quickly so as to cause minimum disturbance to the roots. The seedlings are planted individually, in contrast to the traditional method where clumps of 3-4 are planted together, minimising root competition between the seedlings. The seedlings are kept widely spaced to allow better root and canopy growth, in a square grid pattern at a spacing of at least 25 x 25 cm. Planting can be done even wider at 30 x 30 or 40 x 40 cm and even up to 50 x 50 cm
in the best quality soils.
The soil is kept moist but well drained and aerated to support increased biological activity. A small quantity of water is applied during the vegetative growth period following which a thin layer of water is maintained on the fields only during the flowering and grain-filling stages. Better quality compost, such as well decomposed farmyard manure, can be applied to achieve additional yield increases. Since weed growth will be more abundant and will be a problem in fields that are not kept flooded (and because of the wider spacing), weeding needs to be done at least once or twice in the first 10-12 days and a total of three or four times altogether before the canopy closes.
SRI does not require additional inputs like new seeds, chemical fertiliser or pesticides, but it does require the skilful management of the factors in production and, at least initially, 25-50% more labour inputs, particularly for the transplanting and weeding. As farmers become more skilled and confident in SRI, the amount of labour needed decreases and can eventually become the same or even less than with
conventional methods.
SRI is being tried out by farmers in many areas of Nepal’s middle mountains including in the Jhikhu Khola watershed. This area has an altitude of 800-2200 masl, and receives about 1200 mm annual rainfall, about 70-80% in the monsoon months (June to September).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Madagascar

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Limited production due to soil fertility decline, increased amount of agrochemical inputs and lack of sufficient irrigation water and irrigation infrastructures.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decreased production, lack of irrigation facilities and increased amount of chemical fertilizers.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

每年的生长季节数:

• 3

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 收割后的措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

This was the first year of on farm research cum demonstration on the farmers field after the trial in the research station. Six farmers tested SRI in 2003. It was tested in Panchkhal, Hokse, Bhimsensthan,
Baluwa, and Patalekhet VDCs.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: urbanisation and infrastructure development (poor irrigation infrastructures), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year), land tenure (population growth, separating famility members from a household.), labour availability (out migration for a off-farm employment)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (Weak institutional collaboration), poverty / wealth (lack of government subsidy on agricultural sector), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of sufficient discussion with concerned technicians and experienced farmers.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

In the SRI method young seedlings
(8-12 days old) are planted singly
at a wide spacing of 25 x 25 cm
or more

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improved plant management, improved soil management, improved water management

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in soil fertility

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Planting method, irrigation method and soil fertility management is carriedout differently compare to traditional method.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 0 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Application of fertilizer	管理
2.	Application of pesticides ( if required)	管理
3.	Transplantation	管理	monsoon, 8 to 12 days after seed sowing /
4.	Irrigation of the mainfield ( to keep fields alternately dry and moist)	管理	vegetative period / weekly after transplantation;
5.	Weeding	管理	vegetative period / 3-4 times; first within 10 day
6.	Harvesting	管理	October/November /
7.	Nursery bed preparation, seed treatment and sowing	管理	Beginning of monsoon /
8.	Main field preparation ( ploughing and leveling)	管理	Beginning of monsoon /

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Maintaining field	Persons/day	353.0	2.1	741.3	100.0
设备	Machin use	ha	1.0	136.0	136.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	4.0	4.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	94.0	94.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocoides	ha	1.0	56.0	56.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1031.3

注释:

labour: person -day, cost of agrochemicals
All costs were estimated in 2006.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Due to increased off-farm employment trend , there is lack of manpower for field operation, which increases the labour cost .

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also hill slopes

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Variable

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium - poor

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water: Maximum during rainy season (June to september), starts decresing from October reaching minimum in April/May

Water quality (untreated): Poor more in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May, but otherwise good drinking water

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for planting, irrigation, harvesting, animals are used for field preparation and machines as well but in the valley bottom.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

If rice fields need to be established, the short-term establishment costs and the benefits realised are about the same. However, most farmers already had rice fields and therefore the benefits are more than the costs.

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

35 households in an area of 10 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

35 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Farmers are adopting the SRI method carefully and slowly by at first only putting small areas under SRI and then
slowly increasing the area planted.

SRI is an innovation rather than a technology. It is gaining popularity all over the world. Increased yields of 50-100% have been reported in most places where it has been tried. The practice is gaining popularity in Nepal especially in the eastern Terai plains.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Compared to the traditional method, SRI consumed 50 to 75% less water, 75% less seed, 50% less labour for transplanting, 50-60% less labour for irrigation, and less pesticide; the cost of fertiliser and harvesting remained the same, thus the overall cost of production is the same or a little less How can they be sustained / enhanced? More experience sharing would help expand the area under SRI
40-50% more grain production and 20-25% increase in above ground biomass production compared to traditional method How can they be sustained / enhanced? Experience sharing would help expand the area under SRI
Lodging is observed less due to longer root in case of SRI
Conflict over water during irrigation time reduced

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
SRI method saved time required for irrigation, reduced disease and pest attacks, and reduced lodging problem. How can they be sustained / enhanced? More research is required to calculate exact amount of water saving.
SRI method improved soil environment and reduced rates of riser collapse How can they be sustained / enhanced? Impact of long-term soil nutrient balance has yet to be studied
SRI method saved seed
Cost of production was same or little less compared to traditional method.
Compared to traditional method, grain yield nearly doubled in SRI without additional external inputs. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Emphasis should be given on understanding the process involved in SRI , not just obtain information about the net benefits.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Compared to traditional method, cost for weeding is 50-60%.higher and the first weeding is difficult.	Overall cost remains the same. A simple low cost mechanical weeder can lower the cost of weeding in the long run..
Compared to traditional method, transplanting young seedling , maintaining the spacing and handling young seedling is difficult.	Confidence building is essential, this can be achieved by practicing it 2-3 times.
Transporting delicate seedlings from the nursery beds to the field and transplanting it requires proper skill.	More practice is required.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Water control is most difficult part of this method; to maintain alternate dry and moist field conditions, water needs to be available at 5 - 6 day intervals.	There needs to be good irrigation infrastructure or a perennial source of water to irrigate rice fi elds regularly
Transplanting 8-12 day old seedlings, especially under rainfed conditions, is quite diffi cult. Seedlings become old and unfi t for transplanting when there is no rain during the transplanting time	Establish two to three nursery beds at intervals of one week
This method is only suitable for smallholder farmers, in most countries it is not adopted on a large scale.	Involvement of national departments and local institutions and wider sharing of its proven benefi ts is vital to upscale the innovation.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

IRRI International Rice Research Institute, www.irri.org.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) ‘Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICIMOD

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Uphoff, N. (2004) ‘System of Rice Intensification Responds to 21st Century Needs’. In Rice Today, 3 (3):42