1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

27/09/2006

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Improving farmyard manure (FYM) by covering it with black plastic sheeting to provide a favourable environment for microbial activities, and to conserve available nutrients and moisture

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Applying compost or farmyard manure (FYM) is an excellent way of maintaining and building soil fertility. Considerable nutrient losses often occur through the inappropriate handling or storage of compost and FYM. Drying out causes losses through volatilisation and rainfall whilst runoff causes leaching and the washing out of nutrients. To reduce nutrient losses, farmyard manure needs to be protected from
direct sunlight, rainfall, run-on, and runoff.
A number of improved composting methods have been tested and demonstrated with farmers in the Jhikhu Khola watershed. The Sustainable Soil Management Project (SSMP) has recommended black plastic-covered farmyard manure as one of the most promising methods. Farmyard manure is covered with a piece of black plastic to prevent nutrients from leaching out, to decrease evaporation losses, and to provide a more favourable environment for the growth of microbes due to the increased temperature and moisture content. This method is especially suitable for
areas with low temperatures.
In this method, raw organic materials that are used for animal bedding - crop residues, leaves, grass, weeds and other organic materials - are piled up or put into a pit in layers together with animal urine and dung. The pile is then completely covered with black plastic sheeting. This method is based on the passive aeration approach, the plastic sheet is removed from the heap each day to add more bedding
materials. It is then covered again immediately. Maintenance is easy although care is needed to avoid damaging the sheet. The black plastic should be handled carefully while taking it off and returning it to the pile as the composting material may contain sharp-edged plant stems.
The method was found to be easy to apply and took little time and labour. In the Jhikhu Khola area, women are mainly responsible for preparing manure and carrying it to the fields. This technology reduces their burden as a smaller amount of black plastic FYM is needed to meet soil nutrient requirements compared to traditional FYM, which is normally applied in a poorly decomposed form and in large
quantities.
The method was tested in the middle mountains of Nepal in the Jhikhu Khola watershed, located at 800-2200 masl and with 1200-1600 mm annual rainfall, about 70-80% in the monsoon months (June to September). The temperature ranges from 3-40 degree Cel. in the lower parts of the watershed and about 3 degree Cel. less at the higher elevations.

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

It was first tried at Lumle agriculture research centre in Nepal.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• Improve farmyard manure

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Crop production is limited as a result of soil fertility deterioration, high cropping intensity, and a scarcity of irrigation
water. Application of increasing amounts of agrochemicals is further deteriorating soil health.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Increased amount of chemical fertilizer input, less production, and irrigation water shortage.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: rice- wheat- vegetables; rice- vegetables-vegetables; maize - vegetables

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Water supply: Also rainfed

每年的生长季节数:

• 3

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

The black plastic covered FYM was tested at about 50 households of above mentioned villages Development Committees ( VDCs) and Dhulikhel municipality.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Black plastic covered farmyard manure

Location: Jhikhu Khola watershed. Kabhre palanchowk district

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: nutrient conservation, accelerated decomposition

Change of land use practices / intensity level: traditional FYM used to be uncovered

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Bedding material (e.g. crop residues, leaves, grass, weeds) along	管理	Daily
2.	Each day farmers add bedding material to the piled heap or into the	管理	Daily

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Black plastic sheet	pieces	1.0	17.6	17.6
技术建立所需总成本					17.6

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Moisture and temperature is checked regularly	管理	/ weekly

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Check mosture and temeprature	Persons/day	4.0	2.1	8.4	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					8.4

注释:

The only establishment cost is the cost of the sheet. In this case study, a 5 kg black plastic sheet costing about
$17.6 was used. This sheet was thick (800 microns thick) and is expected to last for 4-5 years. Less durable and smaller
sheets cost less. Each day a farmer needs about 30 minutes to add bedding materials, equivalent to 4 person days per
month for 2 months. The labour is mainly done by women and girls. All costs were based as in 2006.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Black plastic sheet, per kg cost of which is about $3.5. It is thick (thickness: 800 micron) and durable for 4-5 years.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also gentle and moderate

Landforms: Also mountain slopes and valley floors

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: variable

Soil fertility is very low and medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is poor and good

Soil water storage capacity is low - very low

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries, whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are
working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia, and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for planting, irrigation and harveting; Land preparation mostly with animal traction but at valley bottom also with machines.

Market orientation of production system: Commercial is only grrowing vegetables

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

其它生态影响

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The investment costs are paid back within the first year leading to positive results due to higher production due to more nutrient-rich compost.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

50 households in an area of 1 - 10 sq km (200-500 persons per sq km)

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Spontaneous adoption of the technology was not seen as the sheeting was not locally available and also due to the lack of dissemination and awareness raising activities.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
More production observed (especially for vegetables) with black plastic FYM compared to traditional FYM How can they be sustained / enhanced? Carry out comparative production studies on more crops

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Less workload for women during FYM preparation and transportation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Promote and implement the technology more
The technology will promote organic production of desired crops as avoids the need for chemical fertilisers. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
FYM decomposes within 45-50 days compared to about 180 days with the traditional method; the improved FYM is very fine and with equal decomposition from top to bottom of the heap. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences with a wider audience and test the technology in different ecological zones.
The quality of FYM is better than traditionally made FYM; nutrient content (N, P, K, organic matter, C-N ratio) is higher. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above
Black plastic is easy to handle, light, and durable. This method is very much appropriate for high mountains and middle mountains. How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Poorer rural people are put off by the cost and unavailability of the sheets; they have to bear the extra cost of bringing sheet from a far.	Make the sheets available in the local market and arrange for the cost to be subsidised by agriculture departments and non-government organisations.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Unavailability of large enough sheets to cover huge heaps.	Make two or more smaller heaps; or cover big heaps with two or more sheets.
Plastic sheet gets damaged if not handled carefully and is easily damaged by rats.	Handle sheets carefully and protect from rats using locally available rat repellent plants like Artemisia indica (titepati).

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICIMOD