1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

15/11/2006

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A simple, inexpensive and practical method for raising healthy plant seedlings

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

During the winter in Nepal’s middle mountains, the soil temperature generally remains at 5-10 degree celsius above the ambient air temperature. This principle was used to design a simple, inexpensive, and effective nursery technology for raising vegetable and horticulture seedlings in colder regions. The polypit technology allows seedlings to be raised by protecting them from the freezing temperatures that occur mostly
at night.
Polypits are about 1m deep pits dug into the ground and covered with semitransparent polythene sheets, preferably UV stabilised and supported on bamboo frames. A 30 cm high mud wall is built across the slope on the upper side of the pit. The polythene sheet is sealed on the upper side of the pit, leaving three sides unsealed but held down with stones that can be lifted to access the pit. The base and sides of the polypit are left as they are with no form of plastering.
The polythene sheet covering the pit reduces the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) by around 30% inside the pit, still allowing sufficient sunlight to reach the plants inside. The polythene is usually removed during the day from 11 am to 4 pm to allow full sunlight to reach the plants except on rainy and very cold days. A modified version of these polypits - only 70 cm deep - were used in the Jhikhu Khola watershed to grow vegetable seedlings during the winter. The pits can be made of any reasonable size depending on the number of seedlings to be grown and the layout of the land. The Jhikhu Khola pits were about 3m long, 1.5m wide, and 0.7m deep.
Since the polypits are closed at night, the CO2 released by the plants and soil microbes accumulates and increases to well above levels outside the pit. In a completely sealed polypit, the CO2 concentration could reach up to 3000 ppm during the night which would be harmful for plants. Thus the polythene cover is only loosely sealed along the edges at night to regulate and maintain the concentration of CO2 at about two to four times the ambient concentration.
The warmer protected conditions and CO2 enrichment leads to extra growth and biomass gain for plants grown inside the pits during the winter. This technology is easy to maintain with the only maintenance costs being to repair damaged polythene sheets and frames.
The polypit technology is useful for mountain farmers where water scarcity and low temperatures limit the potential to raise quality seedlings. The technology is being promoted in the northwest Indian state of Uttarakhand, although only a few farmers have adopted it so far. It is a very promising technology and its use should be encouraged by hill farmers and research and development organisations engaged in raising seedlings. The technology needs more participatory action research to improve it and to encourage more farmers to adopt it spontaneously.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology is developed by G.B Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (GBPIHED) in Almora (India) for raising healthy plant saplings, named as polypit (Palni et al. 1994).

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Production is limited due to insufficient water during winter and the pre-monsoon season (from Nov-May); insufficient
farm income due to small landholdings; increased inputs of chemical fertilisers

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Irrigation shortage during pre-monsoon and monsoon months.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Maize -vegetables/wheat-vegetables

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

每年的生长季节数:

• 3

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• full year planting

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

The technology was tested in the farmers field at Lamdihi and Spice Crop Development Centre. atTamaghat.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Poly pit covered with semi transparent plastic sheet which is supported on a bamboo farme.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: protecting seedlings from frost, reduction of water loss, carbon dioxide enrichment

Structural measure: pit
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.7m
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5 m
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3 m

Construction material (earth): a mud wall is made about 30 cm high from the ground, sloping on the two sides.

Construction material (wood): to place semi transparent plastic on a frame.

Construction material (other): plastic sheet: to cover the pit, rope, wire: frame preparation

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Determine the appropriate size (length, width and depth) of the pit	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
2.	Mark the area for soil excavation	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
3.	Excavate soil from the marked area	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
4.	Make a mud wall (~30 cm high) from the ground, sloping on two sides	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
5.	Make a bamboo fram of an appropriate size	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
6.	Lay the frame over the pit with one end resting on the mud wall	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
7.	Lay the plastic sheet over the frame	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
8.	Seal the polythene sheet on the higher side of the mud wall and leave three sides unsealed	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
9.	Lay the other three sides of the polythene sheet normally at ground level and weigh down with stones that can be removed to access the pit	结构性的	beginning of the winter season
10.	The base and sidesof the polypit do not need any form of plastering (even with mud)	结构性的	beginning of the winter season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Construction of polypit nursery	Persons/unit	1.0	2.1	2.1	100.0
施工材料	Plastic	unit	1.0	4.0	4.0
施工材料	Bamboo	unit	1.0	1.3	1.3	100.0
施工材料	Rope	unit	1.0	0.2	0.2	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					7.6

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 4 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	The polythene cover is opened to acclimatized the plants to the outside environment	结构性的	11:00- 16:00/Every day
2.	Cleaning the pit	结构性的	After trasplanting the seedlings/ once or twice in
3.	Replacing the frame and polythene sheet if it gets damaged.	结构性的	before raising nursery/In case of damage

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Maintaining the pit	Persons/unit	1.0	2.1	2.1	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					2.1

注释:

Machinery/ tools: wooden/iron peg, spade, shovel ,knife, and saw

The cost was calculated only for unit technology , and it can not be extrapolated on hectare basis as in 2006.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The plastic sheet , but it is easily affordable by the land users.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 850 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: Variable

Soil texture: Fine/ heavy (clay) is red soil with high clay content but medium (loamy, silty) is non red soil

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Also good, but more in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May; source: natural spring.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

100% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households off-farm income plays at least a minor and
increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily
labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are
working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

Market orientation of production system: About 50 percent of the product , especially vegetables are grown commercially.

Level of mechanization: Manual labour for planting, irrigation, harvesting; Animals are used for field preparation and in valley bottom machines can be used for field preparation

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

其它生态影响

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The investment costs can be recouped within one season leading to positive results due to higher production.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

2 households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: There were not enough dissemination and awareness raising activities to inform farmers of the benefits of the technology and convince them to use it.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The survival rate for vegetable seedlings is higher and seedlings mature about two weeks earlier than if grown outside where they take about one month to be ready, leading to additional income for farmers How can they be sustained / enhanced? Every aspect of the technology should be highlighted through experience sharing programmes

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Polypits are a simple, inexpensive, practical and effective technique for raising and protecting plant seedlings from severe winter temperatures.They can be called ‘poor farmers greenhouses’ How can they be sustained / enhanced? More dissemination and awareness raising activities are needed to inform more farmers about the benefits of this technology
The high relative humidity in polypits means that watering only needs to be carried out once or twice a month in comparison to fi ve to six times for open nursery beds, thus saving labour and water How can they be sustained / enhanced? Every aspect of the technology should be highlighted through experience sharing programmes
The more physical conditions and CO2 enrichment in the pits during the winter months are refl ected in the extra growth and biomass gain of plants grown inside the pits How can they be sustained / enhanced? As above

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
In the demonstration, the bamboo frame to hold the sheet was too heavy making it diffi cult for the farmer to remove the frame and work inside.	Use a modifi ed frame with a space built in to allow a person to enter the pit easily without having to remove the frame.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
In completely sealed polypits, the CO2 concentration can become so high during the night that it harms the plants	Only loosely seal the sheet at night to regulate and maintain the CO2 concentration

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Bhuchar, S. (2004) Polypit: a Green-chamber for Poor Farmers, an article prepared for PARDYP Quarterly e-Newsletter-8, ICIMOD, Kathmandu

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICIMOD

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Palni, L.M.S.; Bhuchar, S.; Kothyari, B.P. (1994) ‘A Simple Polypit can Greatly Reduce Nursery Time of Tree Seedlings”. In Journal of HIMA-PARYAVARAN, 6(2):10-11

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GBPIHED- Almora

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Vyas, P.; Bisht, M.S.; Bhuchar, S.; Sharma, S.; Palni, L.M.S. (1999) ‘Polypit: An Improved Technique for Raising Nursery Plants’. In Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 8(1): 43-59

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GBPIHED- Almora