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Low cost micro-sprinkler irrigation [尼泊尔]

  • 创建:
  • 更新:
  • 编制者:
  • 编辑者:
  • 审查者:

Phohara sinchai - Nepali

technologies_1500 - 尼泊尔

完整性: 76%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

24/11/2006

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

An irrigation system that delivers small-sized water droplets through a rotating head allowing longer watering time with less runoff

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Micro-sprinkler irrigation is an efficient and alternative method of irrigation for high value cash crops. It has been demonstrated in the Jhikhu Khola watershed (JKW) in Nepal’s middle mountains by the People and Resource Dynamics in Mountain Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas Project (PARDYP). The NGO International Development Enterprises (IDE-Nepal) has assisted private companies to assemble and
market micro-irrigation systems.
Micro sprinklers are available in a variety of configurations. They operate at a low-pressure, with water delivered at a pressure equivalent to 10-20m of head, and at a low discharge rate of 0.1-0.2 lps - equivalent to the average discharge of a 1/2 inch size public tap. A pre-assembled micro-irrigation system generally consists of 4 to 8 sprinkler heads at 4m intervals connected by half inch piping. Micro sprinklers are most suitable for closely cropped vegetables like onion and garlic.
PARDYP demonstrated, tested, and promoted the system to show land users the potential to use irrigation water very efficiently, which is important because water is in short supply for much of the year after the monsoon finishes in September. In the test area, much of the land is left fallow after the monsoon crops have been harvested as it is difficult to grow winter crops because of the lack of irrigation
water.
The system is easy to install and move around. It needs a reliable source of water, such as a water harvesting tank or a tap, located about 10-20m above the field to be irrigated. A water tank can be installed at the appropriate height to give an adequate water head. The preassembled micro-sprinkler heads are inserted into the ground on a support stand and are connected to the water source via a conveyance pipe. The water passes through a filter before entering the sprinkler heads to prevent the sprinklers becoming clogged up; the system needs regular cleaning.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

尼泊尔

有关地点的进一步说明:

Kavrepalanchowk/ Jhikhu Khola watershed

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

Pre-assembled micro-irrigation technology, which was demonstrated in the Which khola watershed, was developed by IDE/Nepal in 1998.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • Improve efficiency of water use

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物):

major cash crop: Tomato and potato

major food crop: Maize and wheat

other: Legumes and mustard

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Insufficient irrigation water during winter and the pre-monsoon season (November-May). Insufficient farm income due to small landholdings, and soil health deterioration due to increased inputs of chemical fertilisers and agrochemicals.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Irrigation water shortage for the crops grown during winter and premonsoon months.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Maize- Wheat /vegetables

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
每年的生长季节数:
  • 3
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 灌溉管理(包括供水、排水)

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上,请注明覆盖的大致区域。:
  • 0.1-1 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

管理措施

管理措施

  • M2:改变管理/强度级别

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

A.K. Thaku

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Micro-sprinkler irrigation system and
technical specification.

Location: Patalekhet and Kuttal. Kavrepalanchowk district

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water spreading ( efficiently)

Change of land use practices / intensity level: from conventional irrigation(flood/ bucket) to efficient irrigation.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:
  • 每个技术单元
指定单位:

Micro-sprinkler irrigation

指定体积、长度等(如果相关):

4 to 8 sprinkler heads at 4 m intervals

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

2.10

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Identify an appropriate water source (water harvesting tank, tap, pump) 管理 beginning of the growing season
2. Fix the micro-sprinkler heads in the ground with their support stands 管理 growing season
3. Connect sprinkler system with water source through conveyance pipes 管理 growing season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Installing micro-sprinkler system Persons/unit 2.0 2.1 4.2 100.0
设备 Sprinkler heads, pipes etc. unit 1.0 12.2 12.2
技术建立所需总成本 16.4
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Regular monitoring of the sprinklers’ performance 管理 during irrigating period / regularly
2. Cleaning nozzles if clogging problem occurs 管理 during irrigating period / regularly

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Maintaining sprinkler system Persons/unit 1.0 2.1 2.1 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 2.1
注释:

Machinery/ tools: measuring tape, hammer

The cost was calculated for unit technology with all necessary components (pipes, filter, fittings, stand ) and 4 micro sprinkler heads, which is sufficient to irrigate 250 sq. m. area. Cost estimated in 2006.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The system itself is a dominating factor affecting the cost.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
指定年平均降雨量(若已知),单位为mm:

1070.00

农业气候带
  • 潮湿的

Thermal climate class: subtropics

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Also good drinking water. More in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May; source: natural spring

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
  • 平均水平
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
50% of the land users are average wealthy and own 25% of the land (as classified by the land users).
35% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households, off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

Market orientation of production system: Mostly vegetables.

Level of mechanization: Only vegetables are grown with this technology.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 中等规模的
注释:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: Also 2-5 ha.

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权:
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 自由进入(无组织)

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

due to increased vegetable production

社会文化影响

社区机构

削弱
加强
注释/具体说明:

an informal network of sprinkler users formed

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

livelihood and human well-being

reduced
improved
注释/具体说明:

vegetableproduction became possible with use of less water, production increased.

生态影响

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

due to precise delivery of water (0.1 - 0.2 lps)

土壤流失

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

due to uniform application of water to crops grown on slopping land

其它生态影响

Made the irrigation of multiple vegetables possible

注释/具体说明:

as users can shift the system around to irrigate

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 气候变化/极端天气的类型 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加 未知

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨
局地风暴 不好
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

The table shows the perceptions of land users who accepted the technology with incentives from the PARDYP project. The short-term benefits are positive even if users have to buy the system themselves.

6.5 技术采用

  • 大于 50%
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

515 households in an area of 0.1 - 1 sq km. (200 - 500 persons / sq km)

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 90-100%
注释:

3% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

15 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

97% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

500 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: About 80% of the implementers explained that they have seen neighbors using the sprinkle system so there is a growing trend of adoption. Some farmers were using the technology even before it was introduced by the project.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Sprinkler showers drive away insects
Is equally useful to irrigate fallow land to increase soil moisture.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Extremely useful for closely spaced, leafy vegetables such as onions, garlic and spinach grown in small areas.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Suitable for row crops like bitter gourd during their initial stage of growth; and also good for a wide range of row crops (tree crops and vegetables) that require low-fl ow irrigation.
Most appropriate for sloping land

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Can be used on level land if tank placed
at appropriate height
Easy to transport, and possible to use for different crops in rotation

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Position of the sprinkler head should be changed to acquire 100% overlap of watered areas.
Allows uniform distribution of water and longer watering time with less runoff; therefore reduces soil loss from sloping land and increases soil moisture status.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The technology should be shared with a wider audience

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Sometimes sprinklers stop functioning as they do not rotate and can become disconnected from the pipe Regular checking and cleaning
Are susceptible to being stolen as they can be easily dismantled Regular site visits by the farmer
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Requires sufficient head pressure therefore less suitable for plain lands. It can be used in plain lands with alternative arrangements i.e. by constructing a platform for drum/ tank at appropriate height.

7. 参考和链接

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ICIMOD

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