1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - 吉尔吉斯斯坦

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - 塔吉克斯坦

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

17/07/2012

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Vegetative and structural technology for the rehabilitation of an expanded gully

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The extension of a deep incised gully, which borders a fertile orchard, is stopped and sediments are trapped by the help of vegetative and structural measures. The gully floor is vegetated with different trees inter alia willow, poplar, cherry, blackberry and walnut which are arranged in random groups. At the bottom of the gully where it intersects the road there is a stonewall, which collects the sediments that are washed down during heavy rainfalls mostly in spring. A dense bush line with Russian olives, apricots, cherries, walnuts, plums and buxus has been planted on the top of the side slopes of the gully, and roots of those bushes keep the soil stable and at the same time they prevent landslides and expansion of the gully. These tree lines are cut from time to time, otherwise they grow and become heavy and due to their weight the trees would possibly fall into the gully.

Purpose of the Technology: (1) The deep roots of willow trees on the bottom of the gully protect the soil and prevent it from being eroded during the heavy spring floods. Trees also help to collect sediment and to accumulate it in the gully. (2) The dense bush lines with its deep roots, on the top of the gully slope, stop the horizontal erosion, which endangers the fertile orchard close to the gully. (3) A stonewall at the lower end of the gully collects sediments which have been washed down. Once in a while a heightening of the stonewall has to be done. The technology with its three measures prevents from further gully expansion and supports its rehabilitation.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: These three measures, the tree line, the bottom vegetation and the stonewall were developed and implemented by the farmer's own initiative. The farmer implemented the technology on his own and expands it every year. The entire technology doesn’t have to be established at once, which allows investing money and time whenever it is available. For maintenance new trees are planted both in the gully and in the tree line, which has to be cut and pruned from time to time. The technology is relatively affordable and facile to implement. At the beginning the farmer bought some seedlings. Meanwhile, the plants reproduce themselves and the farmer doesn't have to buy seedlings for further maintenance. The stones can be collected for free in the nearby riverbed. The work is done manually; no special tools are needed for the technology.

Natural / human environment: The farmer is proud of the outcome of his initiative. However he wishes that his neighbours would follow his lead, as for them it would be beneficial to implement the technology as well. He stated that usually people do not listen to a common farmer, but if the technology would be introduced by an official person it would spread out quickly.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

The farmer implemented the technology during the civil war and teached other farmers to do it. But it is not so easy for the farmer to convince other people to follow his example.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Highly erodible loess soil, and heavy rainfalls which causes a lot of surface runoff and erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Lack of water for irrigation, too few rain, steep slopes, infertile soils which make the use of fertilizers essential.

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210Longest growing period from month to month: March to August

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.002138 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wm: mass movements / landslides, Wr: riverbank erosion

Main causes of degradation: soil management (lack of knowledge for soil treatement, e.g. people dig hollows which support gully formation, agronoms from soviet times are missing), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Trees were cut for domestic use), overgrazing, disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), land tenure (land is not private property), poverty / wealth (no money for tractors, fertilizers, education, etc.,), education, access to knowledge and support services, war and conflicts (during the civil war the land was not cultivated sustainably), governance / institutional (land use rights)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), change in temperature (too hot and too cold temperatures dry out the soil, plants cannot survive), change of seasonal rainfall, population pressure, inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …) (lack of machinery to treat the field properly)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The technology includes three different sketch information; 1) dense tree lines on the top of the side slopes, 2) stonewall at the end of the gully and 3) willow trees at the bottom of the gully.

Location: Chinoro. Faizabad/Javonon/Tajikistan

Date: 03.09.2012

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (People do not accept a suggestion if it is not from a good educated, accepted person.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, increase of surface roughness, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides)

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2-0.4
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2m (1-2 Row(s))

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-4

Trees/ shrubs species: russian olive, willow tree, acacia, poplar, box

Fruit trees / shrubs species: walnut, apple, apricot, plum, cherries

Wall/ barrier
Vertical interval between structures (m): 0
Spacing between structures (m): 0
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 13.7

Construction material (stone): Are taken from a nearby riverbed.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Tajik Somoni

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

4.7

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	plant trees in the gully	植物性的	whole year
2.	plant tree line	植物性的	whole year
3.	build wall	结构性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Build wall	wall	1.0	125.0	125.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting trees	Persons/day	3.0	12.0	36.0	100.0
植物材料	Tree seedlings		1.0	166.0	166.0
技术建立所需总成本					327.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	add trees in the gully	植物性的	spring
2.	add trees in the tree line	植物性的	spring
3.	increase the height of the stonewall	结构性的	once a while

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Add trees	Persons/day	1.0	12.0	12.0	100.0
劳动力	Increase the hight of the wall	-
技术维护所需总成本					12.0

注释:

The fact that the inputs for the technology are not evenly distributed throughout the area, the costs were calculated for the whole technology area.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The material is relatively affordable. Money intensive factor are the seedlings during establishment phase. Following years the trees reproduce themselves. The establishment of the technology, the planting of the trees and the building of the stonewall require a lot of labour input in the initial phase. As the whole technology does not have to be implemented at once, the work can be split-up over years.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average: No soil in the gully

Soil fertility is medium for the treeline on top of the slopes of the gully (close to the orchard). but in the gully its very low because the soil was washed away.

Topsoil organic matter is medium at the treeline on top of the gully slope.

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium and in the orchard, gully works as drainage

Soil water storage capacity is very low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The technology was directed by the farmer and implemented by the farmer's son. Only men were involved in the technology. In Tajikistan usually work for men and women is strictly divided. Women work in the household, take care for children and work on the field. The gully rehabilitation project was men's work.

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

10% of the land users are rich (trader which buy and sell products from the farmers).
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 80% of the land.
30% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: beneath the technology the farmer has an orchard with intercropping, a flax and a wheat plot.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	不好

注释:

On the bottom of the gully willow trees should be planted which have strong roots to resist floods, especially if the gully is already deep. At the slopes Russian olives and wild cherries can be planted. The higher amount of trees makes gully even more stable.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Much more extra work comes up for the establishment, but for the farmer work is not a disadvantage.

6.5 技术采用

注释:

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Stopping the expansion (prevention) of the gully and filling up the gully (rehabilitation). How can they be sustained / enhanced? Maintain the vegetative measures, plant more seedlings and let them reproduce themselves.
Firewood and construction material production. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Increase the vegetation with wood of good quality and use it in a sustainable manner (cut only as much as will be reproduced).

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Extensive use of the area and a relatively rich diversity of local vegetation. The maintained gully provides new habitat for natural flora and fauna. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Keep and promote the diversity of plants in the gully.
Cheap and relatively less labor intensive work. Relatively little knowledge and no special tools are required. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Make the technology public.
The entire technology doesn’t have to be established at once, which allows investing money and time whenever it is available.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The trees stop the water, sediments, branches etc. too effectively and this creates problems with too much water in the gully, which is washing out the sides of the gully.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
A disadvantage is the extra work the farmer have to spend on a little productive area.	In the land users view work is not a disadvantage, it is his job. Considering the fact that it is not that much extra work, it is not a big disadvantage.
For the establishment a first investment for the seedlings is required.	An establishment of the technology during a longer period allows to grow own seedlings from the plants which do not cost anything.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Integrated spatial assessment for Sustainable Land Management „SLM-planning“ in the loess hill of central Tajikistan using WOCAT mapping tools (working title), Selina Studer, 2013, Master Thesis, University of Bern, Bern.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

University of Bern

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

WOCAT technology movie: Orchard-Based Agroforestry

URL:

wocat@cde.ch