1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

The Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project for the Kagera River Basin (GEF-FAO / Kagera TAMP )

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - 意大利

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Rwanda Agriculture Board (Rwanda Agriculture Board) - 卢旺达

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Locally referred to as ‘radical terracing’, the method involves earth moving operations that create reverse-slope bench terraces which have properly shaped risers stabilized with grass or trees on embankment to avoid collapse.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In Rwanda, a unique method of back-slope terracing originally introduced by missionaries growing wheat in the Northern Province in the 1970s, has been widely adopted by smallholder farmers in many parts of the country. The farmers are careful to isolate the topsoil, then they re-work the subsoil to create the required reverse-slope bench, after which the topsoil is spread over the surface. The riser is planted with short runner grass for stabilization, all within the same day. Radical terracing is usually done manually with hoes and shovels, mostly by communal group-work involving hundreds of farmers (see left photo). Thus, a hillside can be terraced in one day. Where radical terraces have been constructed, the effects have been dramatic, achieving optimum water and soil conservation on slopes exceeding 50%, while adoption rates have been quite extensive. This high adoption of radical terracing is related to the existing policies and programs such as land consolidation, land management and crop intensification programs. These policies/programs boost the use of radical terraces by providing farmers more opportunities to easily access inputs such as improved seeds and manure for increasing the productivity of constructed radical terraces. Recent studies (e.g. Fleskens, 2007, Bizoza and de Graaff 2012 and Kagabo et al. 2013) assert that radical terraces in the highlands of Rwanda are only financially viable when the opportunity cost of labour and manure are below the local market price levels and when agriculture area on these radical terraces can be substantially intensified. Ten to 30 metric tons of manure (organic) are required to restore the soil fertility of newly established radical terraces.

Purpose of the Technology: In Rwanda, radical terraces are principally designed (1) to reduce soil losses through enhanced retention and infiltration of runoff, (2) to promote permanent agriculture on steep slopes and (3) to promote land consolidation and intensive land use.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Newly established radical terraces should be protected at their risers and outlets, especially in the first or second year of the establishment. After establishing a terrace, a riser is shaped and grasses or shrubs/trees are planted soon after. Napier grass is commonly planted and is used as forage for livestock. Risers on radical terraces are seen as a new production niche of forage as a result of land shortage and a strict zero grazing policy.

Natural / human environment: Radical terraces have the potential of improving farmers’ livelihoods and increasing the resilience of a degraded environment.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

• Government

注释（项目类型等）:

The Government introduced it through local leaders and agronomist. It was established in 2004

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion due to high runoff on the steep slopes, deforestation, intensive cultivation and lack of suitable land management methods.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Low crop production, soil erosion and lack of fodder

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 120; Longest growing period from month to month: September- January; Second longest growing period in days: 90; Second longest growing period from month to month: March - June

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 10.3 km2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing (Grazing and fodder), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Extreme topography: steep slopes in many cases over 50%), population pressure (High density (in rural area over 400 inhabitant per ha))

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Use of cooking energy (fire wood)), poverty / wealth (Farmers have low income and have less access to off farm income or remittances), education, access to knowledge and support services (High rate of irriteracy)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The farmers are careful to isolate the topsoil, then they re-work the subsoil to create the required reverse-slope bench, after which the topsoil is spread over the surface. The riser is planted with short runner grass for stabilization, all within the same period.

Location: Nyamirama. Kayonza/West/Rwanda

Date: 2013

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Special training should be provided to field staff to be able to make an adequate design)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Land users are required to only implement the technology under the supervision of field staff)

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, reduction of slope angle, reduction of slope length, increase of infiltration

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 2000
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 4
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.2

Grass species: Pennisetum

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 35%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 0%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0%

Terrace: bench level
Vertical interval between structures (m): 2
Spacing between structures (m): 4

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 20-50%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 0%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 0%

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Rwandan francs

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

640.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Cuttings of grasses	植物性的	Rain season
2.	Transport of grass cuttings	植物性的	Rain season
3.	Planting of grass cuttings	植物性的	Rain season
4.	Land surveying (slope determination, soil structure and texture analysis)	结构性的	any time
5.	Construction of bunds (risers) with soil from upper and lower sides	结构性的	dry season
6.	Level terraces bed (surface soil moved from upper to lower part of terraces)	结构性的	dry season
7.	cutting subsurface soil, leveling and refilling surface soil	结构性的	dry season
8.	Make lips on edges of terraces	结构性的	dry season
9.	Compact risers	结构性的	dry season
10.	Plant grasses including agro-forestery trees.	结构性的	rainy season
11.	Input/ application of farmyard manure and liming	结构性的	rainy season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Cuttings of grasses	persons/day/ha	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	60.0
劳动力	Transport of grass cuttings	persons/day/ha	10.0	1000.0	10000.0
劳动力	Planting of grass cuttings	persons/day/ha	20.0	1000.0	20000.0	100.0
劳动力	Land surveying (slope determination, soil structure and texture	persons/day/ha	6.0	20000.0	120000.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Lime	kg/ha	2500.0	40.0	100000.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Famyard manure	kg/ha	30000.0	5.0	150000.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Mineral fertilizers	kg/ha	300.0	500.0	150000.0
其它	Labour: Construction of bunds	persons/day/ha	100.0	1000.0	100000.0
其它	Labour: Level terraces bed	persons/day/ha	250.0	1000.0	250000.0
其它	Labour: Cutting subsurface soil	persons/day/ha	250.0	1000.0	250000.0
其它	Labour: Make lips on edges of terraces	persons/day/ha	10.0	1000.0	10000.0
其它	Labour: Compact risers	persons/day/ha	50.0	1000.0	50000.0
其它	Labour: Plant grasses including agro-forestery trees	persons/day/ha	50.0	1000.0	50000.0
技术建立所需总成本					1262000.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeding	植物性的	Before crop planting/each cropping season
2.	Manure application	植物性的	Before crop planting/annually
3.	Grass streaming	植物性的	Throughout the year
4.	Cleaning of channels and drains	结构性的	through out the year
5.	Regular repair of destroyed risers	结构性的	through the year

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weeding	persons/day/ha	5.0	1000.0	5000.0	100.0
劳动力	Manure application	persons/day/ha	10.0	1000.0	10000.0	100.0
劳动力	Grass streaming	persons/day/ha	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	100.0
劳动力	Cleaning of channels and drains	persons/day/ha	10.0	300.0	3000.0	100.0
其它	Labour: Regular repair of destroyed risers	persons/day/ha	6.0	333.3333	2000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					22000.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Small hoes and machete, Hoes, machete, spade, A.fram, macako and meters.

The cost is calculated using the rate of US dollars at present time and were estimated according to the cost of construction of one radical terrace. At present the labor is 1.6$ per day. This was calculated on 25/07/2011.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Factors that affect the cost are labor, soil structure and slope

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is low - medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Good drinking water available but very far to fetch.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

75% of the land users are poor and own 60% of the land.
25% of the land users are poor and own 40% of the land.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知
land slides	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

150 households covering 75 percent of stated area

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

140 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

10 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The real advantages of the technology are observed after 5 to 6 years with good maintenance of structures

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
It reduces soil runoff How can they be sustained / enhanced? Good maintenance of structures

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It controls soil erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? There is a need to plant grasses or trees on risers to stabilize terraces
It increases soil water holding capacity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Organic manure should be added to the terrace to effectively increase the soil water holding capacity.
It increases fodder availability as new niches for fodder production are created. How can they be sustained / enhanced? High value nutritive fodder should be planted (napier grass, calliadra, tripsucum, etc.) on risers
It increases crop productivity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Terraces should be well maintained by providing more inputs and regular maintenance of bench struactures

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
It reduces the cropped land	Farmers should be supported in accessing high value crops and inputs to maximize crop yield.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The establishment of radical terraces is expensive	The construction of radical terraces should be subsided by the government.
The initial soil structure is disturbed (lost of soil organic matter)	Heavy investments are needed to replenish the soil fertility, especially by adding organic manure.
The establishment of radical terraces decreases cropped land.	Grow high value crops and use adequate quantity of inputs.
With poor maintenance or poor design of radical terraces, landslides may occur.	To be much more rigorous in the design and implementation/development of terraces by making sure that professionals are involved in the whole process of establishing terraces.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kagera TAMp project website

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/en/