1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CARITAS (Switzerland) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

25/09/2012

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Pasture management of a communal land through daily rotation

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The total area of the pasture accounts for 300 – 500 ha. The pasture is property of the Doshmand village but it includes also some private properties, mainly potato and wheat crops. After the harvest, livestock is also grazing on these crops. Eighteen households are currently using the pasture with a total of 150 cows and 500 small animals. Additionally, three groups of herds from other villages graze irregularly on this pasture mainly on the lateral parts as it is less guarded by the villagers. The interviewee estimates that over 1000 cows, goats and sheep are coming from other villages. Other herds cross this pasture when migrating to or coming back from the summer pasture in spring and autumn, respectively. Nevertheless Doshmand residents claim that this intrusive grazing is accepted as “every animal has to be fed”. This shows the need of a pasture management not only on village but also on watershed level.
During Soviet time the inhabitants of Doshmand were forced to migrate to the valley. In 2003, the resettlement of the ancient location started with two families. Simultaneously, the pasture management was established and joined by each family who resettled. The controlled area is divided in 4 subparts. The herd switches daily within them. Every household looks after the herd for a day, which results in a rotational cycle of 18 days. There are no fixed and regular meetings for pasture management within the village pasture. However, two subsequent herders communicate to know where the herd has been grazing and where to graze the next time.

Purpose of the Technology: Purpose of the rotational grazing is to graze on one subpart, while the three other areas are resting. This reduces the impact of grazed and trampled areas per subpart and allows the growth and recovery of the vegetation in the other parts.
The task of herding is shared among the families. The rotational grazing is organized orally and freely, why it’s not sure if that approach is strictly binding. Discussions about pasture management rise only in case of need.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Doshmand village got the pasture in a good condition at the time of establishment. Vegetation cover was high. The only investment consisted in building a water point for the livestock. A further investment was to buy a water pipe and dig out a channel for the pipe to conduct the water from the water point to the village. Money was collected by the families and many villagers were involved in digging the channel.
No further input was and is required except coordination between the herders.

Natural / human environment: The pasture of Doshmand village is located in the middle and upper zone of the watershed. Thanks to the distance to other settlements, the pasture is less affected by overgrazing than other communal pastures in the watershed. Nevertheless, the pasture is heterogeneously grazed, with some areas which are difficult to access even for livestock and hence abundant vegetation. Other areas, especially those situated next to the village show a more bare vegetation cover.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Erosion
Overgrazing

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): increase of unpalatable vegetation

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes

Grazingland comments: Mainly summer pasture, normally no grazing from November/ December to February/ March

Type of grazing system comments: Mainly summer pasture, normally no grazing from November/ December to February/ March

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 160Longest growing period from month to month: April-Sept

牲畜密度（如相关）:

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 4 m2.

The Vakil (village representant) was not sure about the area, between 300 to 500 ha.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wo: offsite degradation effects, Pc: compaction, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing, land tenure (communal grazing land also used by other communes)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Livestock from Doshmand village (DM) is grazing in the four subparts of the communal pasture. Livestock from other villages, located in the valley Sarmadoni I (SMI) and II (SMII) and Dehibaland (DB), can invade the guarded and unguarded communal pasture of Doschmand. In spring and autumn also other livestock crosses Doshmand's pasture when migrating to or leaving the summer pasture.

Location: Chukurak watershed. Muminabad, Khatlon

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Rotational grazing at village level

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Coordination with villagers and herders	管理	Reestablishment of village

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Coordination with villagers and herders	-	1.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Consultation with village herders	管理	If needed

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Consultation with village herders	-	1.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

There are no costly factors, the most important input is a good planning, coordination and consistent execution of the rotational grazing system.
The installation of a waterpoint would be needed but it is a very costly installation.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average (steep): Some flanks up to approx. 40%

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Topsoil organic matter (high): On some flanks with high vegetation cover, which are difficult to access by livestock

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is low near the villages and high on mountain slopes (off-village)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated) is also for agricultural use only (irrigation)

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 租赁

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

Land ownership is based on the land user certificate conferred by the government

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

注释:

Conduct the rotational grazing even more strictly

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

NA

注释:

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Effort is made to introduce more rotational grazing on cummunity level in the region with institutional support.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
No big input, coordination between farmers exists anyway

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
In a rotational grazing system at village level every family is responsible for the sustainability of the pasture How can they be sustained / enhanced? Give more responsability and co-determination to individuals
High establishment potential as rotational grazing do not demand any costs, except coordination and organization on village level How can they be sustained / enhanced? Disseminate the idea of rotational grazing also on watershed level
Ecologic benefits as high vegetation cover, less erosion etc. can be achieved without monetary investment How can they be sustained / enhanced? Spread knowledge of long-term effects by rotational grazing
Being a pasture of a big area extent in the uphills, the good quality of the pasture plays an important role for all the settlements and cultivations downstream How can they be sustained / enhanced? Raise the awareness about the upstream-downstream interrelation in the watersheds

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
In reality, rotational grazing is not executed strictly enough	Stricter separation of the subparts needed
Herds from other villages graze in the same pasture	Strenghten coordination of grazing between and within villages
Some flanks show high vegetation because they are not accessible for livestock and not because of the rotational grazing