1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Mana (Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Mana) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - 尼泊尔

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/03/2013

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Local materials and knowledge can be used to construct low-cost structural measures that help to prevent the erosion of riverbanks and the loss of agricultural and residential land.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Riverbank cutting occurs naturally along the rivers that run along the foothills of the Chure (Siwalik) range in Nepal when the stream collides with the river bank or the bank is eroded by water coming from agricultural land above the affected area. When riverbank cutting occurs, it leaves behind an eroded area shaped like a small cliff. This erosion takes place naturally and is difficult to stop because the site is devoid of natural vegetation. It is important to undertake conservation measures because when the riverbank is eroded it damages agricultural land and decreases soil fertility. When the productivity of the land is decreased it affects the lives and livelihoods of nearby communities most of whom are subsistence farmers.

Purpose of the Technology: Communities have developed local measures to help protect the riverbanks and to prevent further erosion and cutting. This technology uses both structural and vegetative measures to help control the erosion and protect both agricultural land and settlement areas from flooding. Check dams are placed at intervals to divert water, additional support is provided by spurs. Bamboo rhizomes are planted between them and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is planted at the back of the structures so that as the plants grow their roots help to anchor the structure. The washed out areas can be used to generate some income by planting them with greenery and fruit trees. The site needs to be monitored annually and where necessary the structures either need to be repaired or supplemented by building additional structures.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: This technology is a blend of local skills and expertise with some external technical input. The key features of the technology are as follow:
• It uses locally available construction materials, tools, equipment, and vegetation.
• It is easy to replicate.
• It is affordable for local people.
• It is environmentally friendly.
A demonstration plot was established by the District Soil Conservation Office (DSCO) in Dang, but the technology needs to be replicated in other areas with action research and experience

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The land is degraded by riverbed cutting and nearby villages are threatened by flooding. The amount of land available for agriculture decreases annually giving rise to a food security problem. Entire villages may have to move to avoid being flooded.

Forest products and services: fuelwood, grazing / browsing

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: floods

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

A low cost riverbank protection scheme that can be implemented using mostly local materials.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides)

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Structural: Check dam construction	结构性的
2.	Spur construction	结构性的
3.	Vegetative: Pitting	植物性的
4.	Bamboo planting	植物性的
5.	Napier grass planting	植物性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Construction of rivervbank protection	ha	1.0	892.0	892.0	51.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	21.0	21.0	51.0
植物材料	Napier grass, bamboo seedlings	ha	1.0	14.0	14.0
施工材料	Stone	ha	1.0	1281.0	1281.0	51.0
施工材料	Bamboo poles	ha	1.0	274.0	274.0	51.0
施工材料	Wire for gabion box	ha	1.0	1644.0	1644.0	51.0
技术建立所需总成本					4126.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The gabion boxes, the transportation costs, and some skilled labour by DSCO, Dang; whereas, the costs for the tools, local materials, and all of the unskilled labour were borne by the local community

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Structural: Verify the integrity of the spurs and check dams; fortify or repair as needed.	结构性的
2.	Vegetative: Maintenance costs cover only replacement and maintenance to be done by the local community for a few years until the vegetative structures are well established at the site.	植物性的
3.	VegetativeCheck to see that the Napier grass seedlings have taken root; add additional plants as needed.	植物性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Fortify and reapir check dams	ha	1.0	52.0	52.0	100.0
植物材料	Napier grass, bamboo seedlings	ha	1.0	7.0	7.0	100.0
施工材料	Bamboo poles for replacing	ha	1.0	123.0	123.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					182.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The costs for the gabion boxes, the transportation costs, and some skilled labour, were borne by the DSCO, Dang; whereas, the costs for the tools, local materials, and all of the unskilled labour were borne by the local community.
All costs and amounts are rough estimates by the technicians and authors.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is very low

Soil drainage / infiltration is good

Soil water storage capacity is very low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

注释:

Previously, the problem was tackled using traditional techniques alone but the results were not wholly satisfactory. After modifying (as discussed below) the structures are more robust and can withstand greater floods.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

47 households in an area of 10 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: A community of 47 households has agreed to use this technology to help prevent soil erosion caused by flooding. The community had started to implement local measures to minimize riverbank cutting but the efforts were not successful. The systematic introduction of well-planned gabion spurs and bamboo check dams constructed using only locally available materials, has been successful. The community is convinced that this technology is beneficial and they will continue to propagate it themselves as needed.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology is low cost and can be implemented by the local community with the assistance of some technical support from the DSCO, Dang. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The DSCO, Dang, needs to continue to support the community in its efforts by technical backstopping, regular follow-up, and continued scaling up of the technology.
The technology predominantly uses locally available materials. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Replication of this technology should be encouraged by the community as well as by the DSCO, Dang
In the long run, vegetative structures help to propagate greenery and in so doing, they promote climate change adaptation and mitigation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Communities should be made aware of the hazards of climate change and of what mitigation measures can be employed.
Traditional measures used to help protect against flooding were very labour intensive and difficult to implement. This new method is low cost, easy to adopt, and sustainable. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Additional training with local communities can help to spread the expertise

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Vegetative structures may not always take root as intended; the initial cost for the gabion cages can be high.	Try to implement the technology using vegetative measures
Despite the fact that the technology is known to be effective, it is not being widely implemented.	Communities need greater awareness; intensive extension is needed in order for the technology to have widespread acceptance.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

District Forest Office, Dang; Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Measures and Low Cost Techniques; Environment Statistics of Nepal, Annual Report (2065/66)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Available at DSCO, Dang and DCSWM, Kathmandu