1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Bureau of Soils and Water Management) - 菲律宾

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) - 菲律宾

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

11/02/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Alternate Wetting and Drying is a water-use management technique wherein irrigation water input could be substantially reduced to as much as 35% without significantly affecting rice yields.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

It was observed that most of the farmer’s irrigation practice of continuously flooding their rice fields is wasteful and uneconomical. The imbalance amount of water, either in deficit or excess, might affect the development and productivity of the crops.
With this inefficient water use and coupled by the increasing frequency of drought, vulnerability to water scarcity is inevitable. Furthermore, it has been recognized that poor water management practices contributed to the process of land degradation. Hence, there is a need to practice proper water management in rice cultivation. As an integral part of the Palayamanan system, the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) introduced a water saving technology to the farmers called Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD).
The AWD modifies the irrigation scheduling and application and eventually the amount of water to be use in the field. Irrigation water is applied a few days after the disappearance of the ponded water in the so-called “observation well”. Hence, the field is alternately flooded and non-flooded.

Purpose of the Technology: The following are the purpose of this technology: (1)reducing water use for irrigation so that it can be used for other purposes, (2) reducing the use of irrigation water because there is less of it, and (3) reducing the use of irrigation water to reduce the cost. Emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) specifically on methane is reduced since this is caused by flooding of ricefields.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Practical implementation of AWD is facilitated using a simple tool called a 'field water tube' as observation well, used in monitoring the water level in the field.It is made of a 25 cm long PVC pipe with a diameter of 10 to 15 cm. In some instances, bamboo can be used instead of the PVC pipe. The pipe is perforated with many holes on all sides to allow lateral movement of water in the root zone. It is installed into the soil by ensuring that 10 (dry season) or 5 (wet season) cm protrudes above the soil surface. Soil must be removed inside the tube so that the bottom is visible. During the first 21 to 30 days after direct seeding or transplanting, 2 to 3 cm of water is maintained to control weeds and to ensure that the crop has already
recovered from transplanting shock. AWD is imposed after 21 to 30 days where the water in the tube is monitored. Once the water inside the tube disappears, irrigation is applied to a water depth of 5 cm above soil surface. It is noted that during fertilizer application and flowering stage, sufficient water is maintained to avoid spikelet sterility. Terminal drainage from one to two weeks before the expected time of harvest is also done to promote uniform maturity of the crop and to facilitate easement of post-harvest operations in the field.

Natural / human environment: The area is under a humid climate experiencing wet and dry season with an annual average rainfall ranging from 1000-1500 mm per year. The technology was applied to irrigated rice field in flat and plain areas.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): lack of irrigation water

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

其它（比如洪水后）:

• controlled flooding

注释:

The field is alternately flooded and non-flooded.

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

This is practiced in most of the "Palayamanan" sites in Ilocos Norte.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: management measures

Specification of other management measures: water use management

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Hs: change in quantity of surface water

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), other human induced causes (specify) (water use management)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

PVC pipe used for the technology.

Location: Ilocos Norte

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: more efficient water use

Major change in timing of activities: AWD modifies the irrigation scheduling and application

Other type of management: Water use management on irrigation water is applied a few days after the disappearance of ponded water in the field water tube.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Preparation of the PVC/bamboo pipes	管理
2.	Perforation with many holes on all sides of the PVC/bamboo pipe	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Perforation with many holes on all sides of the PVC/bamboo pipe	Person/day	1.0	3.33	3.33	100.0
施工材料	Preparation of the PVC/bamboo pipes	piece	1.0	4.44	4.44
技术建立所需总成本					7.77

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Installation of the PVC/bamboo pipe into the soil	管理

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Market orientation: Rice produced are intended for market and food consumption for the family

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%; 1%

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

水资源可用性和质量

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: No exact data is available to determine the numbers of land user who adopted the technology but most of the "Palayamanan" farmer partners in the irrigated areas adopted and practiced it.

Comments on spontaneous adoption: No exact data is available to determine the numbers of land user who adopted the technology but most of the "Palayamanan" farmer partners in the irrigated areas adopted and practiced it.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Most of the land users practicing "Palayamanan" in the municipality and province of Ilocos Norte is adopting the technology.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Positive outcome primarily in water savings without significant yield difference from the usual practice.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Simplicity of the technology's method.
AWD leads to firmer soil conditions at harvest, which is beneficial to operating machines in the field.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Prone to weed growth during the period when the soil is dry.	Proper weed management