1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Toker Integrated Community Development - 厄立特里亚

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Ministry of Agriculture of Eritrea (MoA) - 厄立特里亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Tree plantations in combination with hillside terracing to protect upper catchment areas are a widespread technology in the Central and Northern Highland Zone of Eritrea.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the early 1990s a large area was treated in the Toker catchment, northwest of Asmara. The first step was to establish hillside terraces on the steeper slopes where it is essential to conserve soil and water for improved growth of trees and other vegetation. The terraces comprise earthen embankments laid out along the along the contour, reinforced with stone risers, combined with a trench on the upper side to harvest runoff water. The trenches are subdivided into basins (by ties) to avoid lateral flow of runoff water. In a second step, trees were planted at a spacing of 2 m (in the trenches). Mostly fast growing eucalyptus was used, with a very small percentage of the indigenous African olive (Olea africana) - which has good survival rates but grows very slowly. Afforested areas are closed for any use until the trees reach maturity: they are protected by guards. In 1995 the Ministry of Agriculture handed over user rights to communities allowing cut-and-carry of grass and cutting of trees (with permission of the government). The technology requires appreciable expense, labor and expertise, but if maintained well, it results in multiple ecological and economic benefits: Soil cover has improved, water is conserved, the severe problems of soil erosion have been reduced, and dams further downstream are protected from siltation. Trees have become an important source of income for the rural communities, wood is a valuable resource mainly needed for construction, and also as fuel. Since the 1960s, several afforestation campaigns have been initiated by the government, mainly using food-for-work or cash-for-work approaches as incentives. Nowadays, local tree planting initiatives (on community or individual level) without external support are dominant.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Surface and gully erosion; Decline of vegetation cover, diversity and biomass; Loss of surface water; Lowering of ground water level

Plantation forestry: Yes

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 30 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, reduction of slope angle, improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of infiltration, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, increase of biomass (quantity), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 2.00

Trees/ shrubs species: Eucalyptus, few Olea africana

Terrace: bench level
Spacing between structures (m): 2.50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.50

Construction material (earth): digging out trenches and piling up risers

Construction material (stone): risers should be reinforced with stones

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Dig planting pits (0.5 x 0.5x 0.5 m), at 2 m intervals, in the trenches	植物性的
2.	Plant tree seedlings (mainly eucalypts, some African olives); fill pit with top soil (optional: mix with 1 spade of manure)	植物性的
3.	Spot weeding and softening soil around the pits to improve percolation of water and soil aeration (during rainy season)	植物性的
4.	Supplementary irrigation during dry spells (using jerry / watering cans)	植物性的
5.	Prohibit open grazing: Area closure is done collectively	植物性的
6.	Mark contour lines using a line level. Spacing between terraces depends on slope, vegetation status, soil depth. In the case study area horizontal spacing between terraces is 2.5 m	结构性的
7.	Terraces are built (inward-sloping) by digging out trenches (0.5 m deep) and piling up risers (minimum 0.75 m high). Risers should be reinforced with stones (where available)	结构性的
8.	The trenches are separated into basins by ties at an interval of 2-5 m to avoid eventual lateral movement of water	结构性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	1760.0	1760.0	73.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	73.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	600.0	600.0	73.0
技术建立所需总成本					2410.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Replacement of missing plants at onset of rains (10% replacement of seedlings is expected in the 1st year)	植物性的	onset of rains
2.	Spot weeding and softening soil	植物性的
3.	Supplementary irrigation	植物性的
4.	Maintenance of structures	结构性的	before onset of rainy season

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	480.0	480.0	83.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	100.0	100.0	83.0
技术维护所需总成本					580.0

注释:

Costs are calculated for gentle slopes with a terraces spaced at 2.5 m.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour cost includes construction of hillside terrace, pitting, planting and spot weeding and cultivation. According to the work and payment norms of the Ministry of Agriculture the cost of 1 person-day is 2.66 US$. Production cost of one seedling is 0.2 US$. Maintenance costs include terrace maintenance, re-pitting and replanting of seedlings.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms: Also hill slopes
Slopes on average are steep ( > 50%)
Soil fertility is low

5.3 土壤

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, mixed (subsistence/ commercial

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

注释:

Sensitive to climatic extremes (e.g. rainfall decrease, especially in case of monocultures)

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Initial labour inputs payout on long term

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption: Acceptance of afforestation areas has increased, since user rights have been given to land users: Communities located in Toker upper catchment areas have taken the initiative to maintain and protect their woodlots. Moreover, there is a trend toward locally initiated hillside terracing and tree planting without external initiative/incentives, apart from the provision of seedlings (through Ministry of Agriculture). The afforestation area covers approx. 30 km2 with high potential to enlarge.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Protection of slopes from erosion while at the same time providing an income source for the poor

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Establishment cost is high and labour intensiv	provision of hand tools and demanded seedlings
Fast growing eucalyptus trees have a high rate of water consumption; Indigenous trees are not favoured	encourage people to protect naturally regenerated indigenous trees, assist villagers to get market channels for products of indigenous trees
Community mobilization and high knowledge of land users is required	awareness raising campaigns, strengthen village institutional arrangements, assist villages bylaws
Land use rights: because the afforestation area is communal, nobody feels responsible for maintenance	promote plantations by individual households

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zeremariam I. 2001. Assessment of upper catchment development technologies in the Central High Land zone of Eritrea. MSc Thesis; The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Amanuel Negasi et al. 2002. Soil and water conservation Manual for Eritrea. RELMA.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zeremariam I.2001. Assessment of upper catchment Development Technologies and Approaches in the Central High Land zone of Eritrea. MSc Thesis; The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark