1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

The Future of Okavango (TFO / GLUES)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/03/2001

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Conservation agriculture using permanent water-harvesting planting basins, or rip-lines and fertilizer/manure application on low fertility dryland soils.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Farmers in north-eastern Namibia practice shifting/semi-permanent subsistence cropping, concentrating on pearl millet cultivation. Here, conservation agriculture (CA) was promoted to sustain and improve production and to reduce conversion of woodland to crops. CA comprises the three principles of minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and rotation. CA was tested on small plots with volunteers trained by a local NGO. The technology was characterized here by: (i) Early (pre-rains) preparation of the land with two alternative techniques; either: a) basins with a defined spacing opened by a hand hoe, with composted manure added (biochar has also been tested), or b) rip-lines prepared with oxen in lines and with manure application within the rip lines; (ii) Mulching the soil with crop residues, branches or sunnhemp, specially grown for the purpose; (iii) Protection against grazing of crop and mulch by livestock; (iv) Intercropping with vegetables or legumes. (v) Weeding.

CA has been promoted for four seasons, and now trained farmers are transferring their knowledge to others. The technology was promoted to substantially improve the low yields of traditionally practiced agriculture by improving fertility and soil structure as well as better capturing runoff. It was also aimed at avoiding further expansion of croplands into dry woodlands on low fertility arenosols. Eventually it is hoped that the well-being of local subsistence cropping communities will be improved and outmigration reduced.

Knowledge about CA comes from Zambia, where it has been has been practiced successfully for many years by small-scale farmers. A local NGO was engaged by an international project (www.future-okavango.org) which searched for volunteer farmers in the Kavango area. The first CA planting took place in 2011/12. These pioneer farmers were backstopped regularly and the number of farmers trained increased. The NGO monitored crops with contact farmers. 45 more farmers showed interest and were then trained by the contact farmers. Training and backstopping continued until August 2015.

The natural environment is semi-arid. Rainfall is concentrated from November to March. Mean annual precipitation is 570 mm, and mean air temperature is 26.2°C in the hottest month (October) and 16.2°C in the coldest month (July). The landscape forms part of the extended Kalahari basin in central-southern Africa. Deep and extended sands restrict people to living in areas close to surface water. Villages are located along the Okavango on the elevated river terraces – where they produce crops. Here, sedimentation of fine-grained soils, the accumulation of calcium carbonates in the subsoil and the activity of termites have resulted in soils of medium fertility which could potentially ensure yields of 500 kg/ha of millet, if well managed, and assuming good rainfall. Due to the growing population and restricted land availability, cultivation patterns have changed from shifting to semi-permanent and expanded to the adjacent woodlands on the deep Kalahari sands. Here, rapid degradation of soil fertility has caused further expansion and reduced crop yields to very low levels (ca. 150 kg/ha on average). Livestock graze and browse vegetation on the floodplains and in the woodlands. Due to night-time kraaling of livestock, manure is available as fertilizer: thus sustained cropping can be supported. The importance of the woodlands for ecosystem services including timber and firewood, for thatching grass, medicinal plants and biodiversity means they must be conserved and this acts as a reason to support the search for alternative crop production systems such as CA.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Introduction in the area by Community Economic Development Programme (CEDP) TFO-project in 2011

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low and very variable yields per ha; ongoing expansion of fields to less fertile woodlands due to nutrient depletion of originally fertile plots; years with dry spells
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Crop wilting and poor yields, opening new areas in search of better fields, cutting down trees, slushing and burning residues
Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Under CA, sunhemp for residue and nitrogen fixing has been grown as green manure and fodder for livestock.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 135, Longest growing period from month to month: Nov to March

牲畜密度（如相关）:

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 横坡措施
• 集水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

SLM technology was applied by trained smallholders on small plots

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, mixed cropping / intercropping, mulching, green manure, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues, rotations / fallows, minimum tillage, pits

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Missing nutrient returns)
Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Grazing and burning of crop residues), population pressure (Expansion of croplands to less fertile soils)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Scheme of CA field with basins
Within the fenced area, basins are dug per hand-hoe in lines with about 15 cm width, 35 cm length and 15 cm depth and in 70 cm distance. To keep the line and position, a rope with knots every 70 cm is used. Each basin is refilled with 2 cans of manure mixed with part of the soil material. Maize or pearl millet - two stages shown on the graph
Location: Mashare. Kavano East/Namibia

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate
Technical knowledge required for land users: low
Main technical functions: increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)
Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of biomass (quantity)

Early planting
Remarks: Planting basins prepared in dry season, planting can occur by first rainfalls (earlier than plough-d

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Maize / Millet /Cowpea
Remarks: Cultivated in parallel lines

Mulching
Material/ species: Grasses & crop residues & sunhemp
Remarks: sunhemp cultivated on the CA field and cut to produce mulch

Green manure
Material/ species: branches of fertilizer tree

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Composted manure from cattle post

Rotations / fallows
Material/ species: Maize / Millet /Cowpea
Remarks: Planted in lines and shifted annually

Minimum tillage
Material/ species: Riplines by oxen

Pits
Material/ species: planting basins by hand hoe

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Spacing between structures (m): 0.7
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.15
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.15
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.35

Structural measure: ripline
Spacing between structures (m): 0.7
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.25
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.1

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:8,3
Change of land use practices / intensity level: More specific soil management; crop protection by fencing; earlier seeding
Major change in timing of activities: To a large part, land preparation can be carried out throughout dry season, independent of rainfall level

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Nam $

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

15.5

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.		管理	dry season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour	ha	1.0	1104.0	1104.0	100.0
施工材料	Wire for fencing	ha	1.0	224.0	224.0	100.0
施工材料	sticks & poles	ha	1.0	1114.0	1114.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					2442.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 3 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Repairing fences and de-bushing of the fields	农业学的	(May - July)
2.	Gatering and spreading of mulch cover	农业学的	July - Dec
3.	Cutting sunhemp and applying as additional mulch	农业学的	Feb-Mar
4.	Re-digging the planting basins	农业学的	August
5.	Manure collection, Planting & fertilizer application	农业学的	September - December
6.	Sowing of main crops and sunnhemp and fertilizer application	农业学的	November - December
7.	Intercropping with legumes like groundnuts and cowpeas normally two weeks after germination of cereals.	农业学的
8.	Weeding	农业学的
9.	Harvesting	农业学的	April - May

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour	ha	1.0	848.0	848.0	100.0
植物材料	seeds	ha	1.0	22.0	22.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	fertilizer	ha	1.0	159.0	159.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	compost/manure	ha	1.0	276.0	276.0	100.0
施工材料	Wire for fencing	ha	1.0	220.0	220.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					1525.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Values above are for manual CA using a hoe; an external worker earns 4 N-$ per working hour; above, family labour was multiplied by 4 to estimate the “value” of the family labour invested
The costs are based on labour needs of one year and 500 kg/ha of fertilizer

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

CA was designed to require minimal financial investments; theoretically, everything apart from wire for the fences and inorganic fertilizer can be created or gather by the household. This turns CA into a very labour intensive farming practice. The high Dollar values above result from multiplying the (free) family labour invested in farming with the typical hourly wage rate of an external worker

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2% (One farmer to our knowledge could be considered wealthy). (Few average farmers). (Mostly CA farmers are poor).

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

parallel existence of state and communal laws

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

注释:

Dig basins at 20cm (0.20m) deep; and extra water harvesting basins at 0.45m in-between the rows. For the ox-ripped lines, use ripper wings to open a wider farrow for water harvesting

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

SLM Technology has been applied by own interest of smallholders
100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Saves labour over time
Can use less land compared to conventional system for the same harvest/yield

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
A strength of the system is the timely land preparation
The advantage of permanent planting stations results from the higher availability of nutrients to crop roots.
The moisture retention within the rooting space is improved by the surface structure and the increase in soil organic matter
The rotations of crop rotations is encouraged
All inputs can be used precicely, there is less wastage of inputs

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The weed management is labour intensive and the impact of pests might be a future challange.	The application of more mulch and the weeding regularly in the first part of the season is supposed to reduce weeds.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
To start with this technology is labour intensive at the beginning. In this moment, the hard pan caused by years of ploughing has to be loosened.	Because the basins/riplines are permanently maintained in CA, the preceding land preparations become easier. Also since land preparation starts before on-set of rains, one can spread labour by starting just after harvesting crop
There is a general problem of constructing fences around fields in communal lands, as state authorities declare this land as being owned by the state.	By agreeing with the local leadership to allow those doing CA to fence off their fields for proper keeping of residues and basins/riplines that might be prone to free livestock grazing after crop harvests.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Groengroeft, A., et al. (2013) A method for yield assessment on rainfeld dryland agricultural fields.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Biodiversity & Ecology 5:279 - 286

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Kowalski, B. et al. (2013) Mashare - The People.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Biodiversity & Ecology 5:121-128

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Pröpper, M. et al. (2010) Causes and perspectives of land-cover change through expanding cultivation in Kavango.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Biodiversity in southern Africa. Volume 3: Implications for landuse and management, eds. M. T. Hoffman, U. Schmiedel and N. Jürgens. Göttingen & Windhoek: Klaus Hess Publishers.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Pröpper, M. et al. (2015) The Future Okavango – Findings, Scenarios and Recommendations for Action.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Research Project Final Synthesis Report 2010-2015, 190. Windhoek: University of Hamburg