1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Interactive Soil Quality assessment in Europe and China for Agricultural productivity and Environmental Resilience (EU-iSQAPER)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, Wageningen University & Research Centre (DLO) - 荷兰

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

20/07/2017

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Certified Organic Agriculture (EU standards) with a combination of arable and vegetable crops on sandy soils in the Netherlands

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is applied in a vegetable/arable production system on sandy soils in the Netherlands, but could be applied in various production systems on various soils. There are not directly environmental constraints for the application of certified organic agriculture.

Main characteristics of certified organic production can be found in the standards for organic production in the EU (Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007). Purpose of the technology is sustainable production in a broad sense. Concerning soil management, focus is on maintaining soil quality and preserving (soil) biodiversity. Major inputs are organic fertilizers. No synthetic fertilizers and no synthetic pesticides are used. In practice in the de Peel region where this technology is applied also the use of 'organic' pesticides is minimal.
The impacts of the technology are:
- a better soil quality in general,
- reduced nitrate emissions to groundwater,
- better water holding capacity,
- and more stable yield which are however on average 20% lower than conventional yield.

Yield reduction is mainly due to pests and diseases. The economic performance of the system is good (better than conventional production).
Land user like this technology because of the good economic result and because it call upon their craftmanship as a farmer. Then again, farmers dislike it because its complicated, and pests are sometimes hard to control and finally because of additional handlabour needed for weed control.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1998

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The rising awareness of the importance of sustainable production and landuse makes that organic farming more and more applied, in research/projects as well as by the farmers themselves.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 病虫害综合管理（包括有机农业）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 0.1-1 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The most important aspects of organic agriculture are: application of only organic manure and no application of synthetic pesticides, with the idea that soil quality and environment can be positively effected by this.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

euro

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

0.87

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Change machinery (mainly for weed control)	管理	before during conversion period
2.	stop using synthetic pesticides and nutrient	管理	beforer conversion period
3.	choose conversion period crops	农业学的	2 years before start certified organic production
4.	start conversion period (2 years)	管理	2 years before start certified organic production
5.	design and adapt crop choice and rotation	农业学的	before and during conversion period

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	investments in mechanical weed control machinery	piece	1.0	50000.0	50000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					50000.0

注释:

Establishement costs are hard to estimate because it depends on the farm specific situation. However there will be a need to adapt the machinery for weed control and also there will be costs (or actually losses in turnover and profitability) in the conversion period because crops grown in the conversion period cannot yet be sold as organic against a premium price.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	mechanical weed control instead of herbicides	农业学的	each cropping season
2.	Handlabour for weed control	农业学的	each cropping season
3.	Spread of organic fertilisers instead of synthetic nutrients	农业学的	each cropping season

注释:

There are a lot of small items that change after adopting organic agriculture. I just mentioned the most relevant ones

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Additional handlabour mostly for weeding	hours	250.0	160.0	40000.0	100.0
劳动力	Additional labour for mechanical weed control	hours	75.0	160.0	12000.0	100.0
设备	yearly costs of weed control mechanisation	euro	1.0	5000.0	5000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					57000.0

注释:

The additional costs (compared to conventional) and yield losses are most of the time more than covered by additional income because of premium product prices. Costs are calculated for a 50 ha farm.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

handlabour for weed control

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

Adaptation is driving by the mindset that taking good care of soils and environment is very important

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
higher income
better soil quality
more challenging

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
more sustainable
more resilient
lower nitrate leaching

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
more handlabour for weeding	improving mechanical weeding techniques, more craftmanship
more losses due to pests and diseases	resistant varieties. Robust plants and robust crops. Enhancement natural enemies. more crop diversity
more work in marketing the products	better market organisation, cooperation

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
high dependency on abundant (partly conventional) animal husbandry in the region	mixed farms or close cooperation between organic animal farms and arable farms
risk of dependency on biopesticides	more resilient production systems, resistant varieties, enhancement natural enemies. Robust plants

7.1 信息的方法/来源