1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Knowledge Management for Integrated Watershed Management and Disaster Risk Reduction (SDC / IWSM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

06/09/2012

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Current wheat crop in yearly rotation with chickpea cultivation

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The rainfed crop of the farmer sizes around a hectare. He owns the crop since seven years and switches between chickpea and wheat every year. When he started to cultivate, soil properties were good, he did not use fertilizer. Because of the years of ploughing, the soil lost nutrients and moisture. The more rill building and slope instability is severe currently. The plot is over one hectare because it includes a narrow vegetation strip between his and the neighbours crop. The plot, as all the other crops are grazed by livestock, after harvest.

Purpose of the Technology: Chickpea cropping generates a satisfactory yield, whereas wheat production is rather variable and low. Nevertheless the farmer would not change the crop type because the main purpose is to get straw for feeding his cows. The farmer has over three hectares in total. Even though he claims the benefit to be low comparing to the input, he is content as long he can feed his family.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Ploughing, sowing and then harvesting were part of the establishment phase. The same activities count for maintenance. But as soil is gradually washed away, fertilizing became crucial. The farmer does not control and protect the crop from wild animals and grazing herds.

Natural / human environment: The crop lies on a foot slope not far from the riverbed. Neighbouring cultivations are of the same crop type, chickpea, wheat and food grain. It is less than one kilometre away from the farmers home in Doshmand village. Access to services is rather low, especially in winter, because of the bad condition of the road. Doctor, middle and higher school grades and market are in the village below.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Sealed and compacted topsoil, which hinders infiltration. Hardpan is propable due to plowing. Erosive processes with rill building are relatively widespread on the crop. A lot of plowing rills aggrandize by runoff. A lot of licorish plant grow on the crop, which is a indicator for degraded soil. Soil shows a low level of organic matter, nutrients and moisture.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Increasing soil wash out with simultaneos augmentation of fertilizer input over years. Rills destroy crop growth, reason why yield quantity and quality is decreasing.

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Farmer doesn't try hard to get a better yield. As long as he can feed his family he doesn't see the real need to do that.

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: March to September

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.01 km2.

Crop counts around 1 ha. Total plot is over 1 ha, because of a narrow vegative strip underneath the crop.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Pk: sealing and crusting, Hs: change in quantity of surface water

Main causes of degradation: soil management, crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub), land tenure (For private cropping and communal grazing)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Contour lined plot, with a vegetation strip of < 1m width, between this and the underneath plot. A lot of rills visible.

Location: Doshmand, Chukurak Watershed. Muminabad, Khatlon, Tajikistan

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: drain / divert, improvement of surface structure (crusting, sealing), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Somoni

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

4.83

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Sowing	Person days	0.25	12.4	3.1	100.0
劳动力	Applying fertilizer	Person days	0.25	12.4	3.1	100.0
劳动力	Cutting wheat	Person days	18.0	12.422	223.6	100.0
劳动力	Plowing	Person days	0.4375	12.4	5.42	100.0
设备	Machine use	Hours	3.5	5.914	20.7	100.0
设备	Petrol	Liters	40.0	1.1375	45.5	100.0
植物材料	Seeds		150.0	0.414	62.1
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	Bucks	2.0	31.05	62.1	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					425.62

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.125 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Plowing, 3.5 hours, 1 person	农业学的	every year, spring
2.	Sowing wheat, 1 hour, 2 persons	农业学的	every year, spring
3.	Applying fertilizer (not in the first year), 1 hour, 2 persons	农业学的	only once a year in spring, more year by year
4.	Cutting wheat, 6 days (à 8 hours), 3 persons	农业学的	once a year, around semptember

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Establishment and maintenance cost are similar. Agricultural inputs as seeds and fertilizer are the highest expenditures. As soil nutrients are washed out, the fertilizer input rises gradually.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 1501-2000 m a.s.l. (1600 m asl)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility: Low
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (sealing and probably hard pan)
Soil water storage capacity: Low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 100-200 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 1% - 2%
Off-farm income specification: The farmer has in total over 3 ha of crop. The output of straw of this one hectare makes 40% of his total income.
Level of mechanization: Manual labour (harvesting wheat) and mechanised (plowing)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

Land ownership is based on the Land user's certificate

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	不好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

注释:

The crop would be less sensitive to heavy (seasonal) rainfalls or droughts if vegetation cover or mulching would be improved.

6.4 成本效益分析

注释:

Farmer knows that there is no real benefit when looking at the input. Over the years it got slightly negative because more fertilizer is needed and yield is decreasing.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Vegetation strip underneath the crop is an idea to develop as it reduces the negative offsite effects. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Knowledge transfer about how to reduce offsite effects. Soil cover could rise in that strip, thanks do what soil erosion woul be stopped. Enhance communication between above and below vegetation strip cultivating farmers.
Maintain and develop crop rotation. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Knowledge transfer and field studies on other plots with crop rotation (e.g. perennial crops).
Plowing horizontally.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Too much soil erosion causes rills.	Another crop type according to the steepness of the plot. Change plowing deepness or do human-powered tillage.
Development of soil crust, sealing and hardpan.	Enhance crop rotation and "soft" and horizontal tillage practices.
Observed trampling and grazing of the plot.	Guarding or fencing of the plot. Guarding could be organized by several farmers in rotation.
Poor pecentage of organic matter.	Introduce mulching.