1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Interactive Soil Quality assessment in Europe and China for Agricultural productivity and Environmental Resilience (EU-iSQAPER)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences (IAES/EMÜ) - 爱沙尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

04/06/2017

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A permanent plant cover is maintained or established to protect soil against erosion or peat decomposition.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is applied in sub-humid climate with an average of 696 mm of precipitations per year, from which more comes from July to October and less in March and April. Average annual temperature is +4 C, length of the growing period is 180-195 days. The territory is mostly flat to slopes of 6-10%. Average altitude from the sea level is 50 m. About half of the Estonian territory is above 50 m and half is below it. Soils are from very shallow (less than 0.1 m) inthe north to very deep (> 120m ) in the south. Soil cover is very variable. The peat cover of peatlands varies from 0.3 m to more than 10 m from well decomposed to poorly decomposed peat. On hilly areas the soils are medium textured with low (< 1%) organic matter in topsoil. Groundwater in near the surface in peatlands and deep in hilly areas. Biodiversity of these areas is medium. Market orientation of production system is mixed and off-farm income less than 10%. Relative level of wealth is average from individual households to cooperatives. Soil management is mechanized. Land belongs to land users but is leased also in case of bigger farms (over 1000 ha).
In the agricultural land the area will be excluded from intensive tillage by establishing a permanent plant cover, mainly with grass. The aim is to protect the slopes over 10% against erosion and peaty soils from further intensive decomposition of organic matter and with that the reduction of CO2 emission. The farmers should maintain permanent plant cover in the areas mentioned, or establish permanent plant cover. Renewing of the grassland is allowed from the top (without ploughing) once in a 5 year period. Government pays support of 50 EUR/ha if the area is bigger than 0.3 ha. The technology reduces intensively tilled area and thus the possibility to grow cash crops and/or reduces the yield from grassland. On the other hand it allows to still use wet areas for agriculture (i.e. fodder production).
The rules of the technology are fixed with the Estonian Rural Development Plan (ERDP) for 2014-2020 under activity "Support for regional soil protection" (https://www.agri.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/eesti-maaelu-arengukava-mak-2014-2020) related to the reguation of the European Parliment and of the Council 1305/2013, article 28. The regulation is relevant more to the South-Estonia in case to reduce erosion, as the landscape is more hilly there. The exclusion of peatlands from agricultural use is relevant more in West-Estonia where the share of peatlands of the total area is the highest. However, it can be applied in whole Estonia if the area of peatland is bigger than 0.3 ha.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

• Governmental tool

注释（项目类型等）:

The tool is a part of Estonian Rural Development Plan (ERDP) for 2014–2020 for soil fertility.
The survey was done by the Soil Survey Bureau of the Estonian Agricultural Research Centre (http://pmk.agri.ee/). The results presented here are partly from this survey and from the work done by the project iSQAPER.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 减缓气候变化及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Usually before the implementation of the technology the land was intensively tilled and used for annual crop plantation. After implementation the grasslands can be used for cutting and grazing.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

On Histosols the groundwater is close to the surface.

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

For the cereals one harvest per year, for grasslands 1-4 cuts per year. For hay 1 cut, for silage 2-4 cuts depending on the year

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

To get the governmental support the area should be larger than 0.3 ha. Othervise the size is not important, depending on the area covered by hilly area or wet soils in the landscape.
In 2016 it was 10554 ha Histosols and only 40 ha of eroded soils covered with this technology in Estonia. This area excludes grasslands on another soil types. On specific sites: in Rapla county in Pae the size of the field is ca 3.2 ha, at Tartu county, Annikoru 2.8 ha.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The requirements to create a permanent grassland depends on soil type.
Species mixture suitable for the permanent grassland on wet soils (Histosols): Bromus sitchensis 30%, Phalaris arundinacea 45%, Phleum pratense 20%, Poa pratensis 5%. Sowing rate 20 kg/ha.
For the drier areas (eroded soils) the next mixture is suitable: Dactylis glomerata 65%, Phleum pratense 26%, Poa pratensis 9%. Sowing rate 23 kg/ha.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EUR

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

1.18

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Tillage (ploughing, cultivation)	农业学的	in spring
2.	Collecting stones, slip (by demand)	管理	in spring
3.	Fertilization	农业学的	in spring complex fertilizer
4.	Sowing	农业学的	in spring
5.	Rolling	农业学的	in spring
6.	Cutting the weeds	农业学的	during growth (summer)
7.	Fertilization during growth period	农业学的	after every cut of grass, if cutted grassland, N-fertilizer

注释:

If renewing the grassland, there will be no ploughing, collecting the stones and sliping. Only chisel plowing and/or sowing with fertilization. If the grassland will be use for grazing, no need for fertilization during growth period.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Driver (machinery work)	person day	0.5	36.0	18.0	100.0
设备	Equipment (machinery) cost on establishment year	year	1.0	207.0	207.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	kg	22.0	2.47	54.34	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Complex fertilizer	kg	500.0	0.42	210.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Ammonium fertilizer	kg	100.0	0.33	33.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					522.34

注释:

For tillage and other operations it is calculated 14-18 EUR/ha.
If to hire equipment the labour costs should be included to the machinery costs - for cutted grassland 225 EUR/ha, for grazed grassland 162 EUR/ha

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Cutting or grazing the grass	植物性的	1-4 times per vegetation period
2.	Fertilization	农业学的	in spring in the beginning of season and after every cut N-fertilizer, after each second year complex fertilizer

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Grasslands for cutting - machinery costs	year	1.0	141.0	141.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Ammonium fertilizer	kg	200.0	0.33	66.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Complex fertilizer	kg	200.0	0.42	84.0	100.0
其它	Materials for hay making	year	1.0	15.0	15.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					306.0

注释:

The governmental support to establish and to maintain the grassland is 50 EUR/ha.
If to use the land for the grazing, the machinery cost per year is 38 EUR/ha.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Fuel price.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Eutric Histosol, well decomposed peat, drained area.N 2.32%; C32.89%; C/N14.20%; P2,62 mg/100g; K 13.73 mg/100g; Ca 1762.32 mg/100g; Mg 166.98mg/100g

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Histosols biodiversity depends on the base saturation and level of groundwater (degree of drainage). Diversity is higher at higher pH and better drainage.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

• individual/open access

注释:

Groundwater belongs to the state. Smaller water bodies can be in individual use, larger are usually open access

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
季节性温度	冬季	增加	适度
季节性温度	春季	增加	适度
年降雨量		增加	未知
季雨量	冬季	增加	未知
季雨量	秋季	增加	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	适度
局地雷暴	未知
局地雹灾	未知
局地雪暴	适度
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
寒潮	未知
极端冬季条件	适度
干旱	适度
陆地火灾	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	适度
风暴潮/沿海洪水	适度
滑坡	好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

In 2016 two hundred four households got the governmental support, in total 10554 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

Anyway, the use of Histosols and Gleysols is limited due to their properties and regular use of these soils is for grazing or grass cutting.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Better soil protection
Possibility to earn money in unsuitable soil conditions.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduces soil erosion on hilly landscape
Reduces the decomposition of peat on Histosol
Reduces CO2 emission from agricultural land.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Loss of income	Governmental support (50 EUR/ha)
Problems with the grass (farms without animals)	Cooperation with neighbours, selling the hay for energy production

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Farmers don't want to use the technology	More effective lobbying
Wrong declaration of the land under the technology	Better advisory system and improvement of electronic databases

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Bender, A. (koostaja) 2006. Eritüübiliste rohumaade rajamine ja kasutamine. I. ja II. osa. Jõgeva

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Bender, A. 2010. Heintaimede sordiaretus ja seemnekasvatus. Jõgeva Sordiaretuse Instituut

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Older, H. 2011. Kohalikud söödad. Eesti Rohumaade Ühing.

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Estonian Rural Development Plan (ERDP) for 2014–2020

URL:

https://www.agri.ee/en/objectives-activities/estonian-rural-development-plan-erdp-2014-2020

标题/说明:

Kattetulu arvestused taime- ja loomakasvatuses 2016. Koost: Marju Aamisepp, Helle Persitski. Maamajanduse infokeskus. 2017.

URL:

http://www.maainfo.ee/data/trykis/kattetulu/KATTETULU2016.pdf

标题/说明:

Statistics Estonia

URL:

https://www.stat.ee/en

标题/说明:

Eesti maaelu arengukava 2007-2013 2. telje ning Eesti maaelu arengukava 2014-2020 4. ja 5. prioriteedi püsihindamiseks 2016. aastal läbiviidud uuringute aruanne. Põllumajandusuuringute keskus. Saku 2016.

URL:

http://pmk.agri.ee/mak/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/09/aruanne_uuringud_2015.pdf

标题/说明:

Eesti tuleviku kliimastsenaariumid aastani 2100

URL:

https://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/kliimastsenaariumid_kaur_aruanne_ver190815.pdf