1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CARITAS (Switzerland) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

21/09/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology has instead addressed the perennial water shortage among the beneficiary households.

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A rock catchment system is a water harvesting structure comprising a bare
sloping rock surface (impounded area), a constructed concrete wall at a
strategic point (weir), pipeline from the weir to the storage tank(s),
storage tanks and water kiosk(s) connected to the water tanks by pipelines.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The Technology is built on a gently sloping outcrop on the hillside. The bare
rockface is the surface from which rainwater is harvested. A weir is constructed at a
strategic point for maximum collection towards the foot of the hill. The weir dams hold
harvested water in the rock catchment and channels the water through a piping
system to reservoirs, generally masonry tanks, located below the hill. A weir is
usually a concrete wall constructed and reinforced with iron bars to give it
adequate strength to withstand the weight of the dammed water. The length, height
and thickness of a weir varies with the size and the slope of the rock catchment area.
On average, a weir will be 10 meters long, 2 meters high and 0.5 meters thick. At
the base of the weir, an infiltration box of approximately 1 square meter is
constructed and filled from the bottom with fine sand, coarse sand and gravel (in that
order) for the purpose of sieving out impurities before the water reaches the tanks.
Metal piping is recommended for connecting the weir to the storage tanks
downhill due to the high pressure exerted by owing water. The piping distance
ranges from 15 to 300 meters from the weir to the storage tanks. Provision is
usually made for additional pipelines in case there is need for expansion of the system.
At the bottom of the hill, masonry tanks are constructed, ranging from 100 cubic
meters capacity, or greater, depending on the impounded area,
population, and available resources. The pipes join the tanks through a control
chamber meant for regulating water flow into the tanks. Adjacent to the tanks are
water 'kiosks' where the community draws water. To gauge how much water is
issued, a meter is fitted inside the kiosk. Metering the water is a measure for
accountability and control. Construction of a rock catchment system needs
heavy investment in materials - cement, quarry stones, ballast, iron bars, sand,
hard-core stones, water, metallic (galvanised iron) pipes and plumbing
installations. Construction of the system is labour intensive in terms of both
skilled and non-skilled personnel. The main purpose of the rock catchment
system is to harvest, and store rainwater for domestic - and some livestock -
use. In the case of the documented project, the benefiting communities are
pastoralists who live in northern Kenya, a region characterised by chronic
droughts, seasonal floods and acute water shortages. The water situation is
aggravated by increasing drought frequency and severity. On the other hand, the
little rain received has often been destructive downstream, cutting through roads
and causing massive soil erosion due to high water velocity. During the dry
periods when open water sources such as earth pans dry up, women travel long
distances to search for water from hand dug shallow wells within dry seasonal
riverbeds ('sand rivers').

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2015

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was introduced after technical assessments which looked at areas that had rock catchment potential with willing communities to participate in their construction.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 保护生态系统
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

• The common hazard in the region where the Technology has been implemented is drought. The Technology aims at reducing the drought impacts among the pastoralists

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

The pastoralists practice sedentary to semi-nomadism way of living. However, even for those who are sedentary, they do not cultivate land. They entirely rely on livestock and relief assistance.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

具体说明:

Do not apply as the communities to not grow crops. However, there is a bi-modal rainfall season with more rains received between October to December.

牲畜密度（如相关）:

The livestock owners constantly move with their livestock from one location to another.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 横坡措施
• 集水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

A Rock catchment consists of the following main components:
Catchment area - vary between more or less than 100 square meters
Infiltration box - concrete box with approximately one square meter and 0.5 meters deep
Weir - a wall approximately 20 meters length, approx. 0.3-0.5 meters width, and 1.5 meters height; depending on the site the catchment can store between 150 and 700 cubic meter above the weir
Pipes - Galvanised steel pipes of varying diameters and length depending on catchment size and storage location and capacity
Tanks - tanks with varying capacities, of the same order of magnitude as the catchment storage capacity above the weir. Together, tanks and catchment can store some 10-20% of the annual precipitation falling over the rock catchment, which is enough to sustain water use during a normal year, but not during a year of exceptional water scarcity.

Here is a link where you can see a sketch of typical rock catchment: http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/extra/media_image_3_22.png

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Surveys - topographical, environmental impact assessment	其它措施	no specific time
2.	Drawings and bill of quantities	其它措施	no specific time
3.	Procurement of materials	管理	advisable should be done during the dry season when roads are passable without difficuities
4.	Recruitment of artisans	管理	no specific time
5.	Start of construction works	结构性的	no specific time
6.	Continuous technical supervision and completion	结构性的	Continuous throughout the year

注释:

The key activities are not generally affected by the seasonality or any other type of timing with exception of procurement, for which it is advisable to do it when roads are passable.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果可能，按下表分列技术建立费用，并列明各项投入和每项投入的费用。如果您无法分解成本，给出建立该技术的总成本估算。:

1.0

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Skilled labour	Days	607.7	15.0	9115.5
劳动力	Unskilled labour	Days	1973.0	3.0	5919.0	40.0
施工材料	Construction materials for all the four components together	1 catchment system	1.0	75407.0	75407.0
技术建立所需总成本					90441.5

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Caritas Switzerland

注释:

The project was implemented with funding support from Caritas Switzerland to assist the community recover from the 2011 devastating drought experienced in Kenya and the entire Horn of Africa

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Periodic washing of tanks and scooping out of sand and silt at the weir	结构性的	Twice a year
2.	Repairs of broken parts - valves, pipes, taps etc..	结构性的	Through the year

注释:

Rock catchment systems generally have minimal maintenance and repairs

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果可能，按下表分解技术维护费用，并列明各项投入和每项投入的费用。如果您无法分解成本，给出维护该技术的总成本估算。:

1.0

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
其它	Seasonal scooping of sand and silt from the weir	seasons/year	2.0	100.0	200.0	100.0
其它	Broken parts and repairs	lumpsum	1.0	300.0	300.0
技术维护所需总成本					500.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

1. Availability of parts, whether they can be bought locally or from far
2. Quality of parts
3. Extent of the system exposed to vandalism and/or destructive weather events
4. Early detection of broken/spoilt parts

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The Technology applies where there is adequate gradient of a rock surface.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The technology is implemented on a rock surface.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

The community currently benefiting from the rock catchment have reported health problems (kidney stones) due to use of salty borehole water. The water is saline.

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The borehole which has been the main source of water is strongly saline and the community only use it when they can no longer find water from nearest (approximately 5 kilometres away) shallow wells. In addition, the borehole is run by diesel generator attracting high operations and maintenance costs. Earlier, breakdowns would necessitate water relief from NGOs and the government.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The area is covered with arid and semi arid type of vegetation mostly characterised by acacia trees and other thorny shrubs. There is limited variety of wild animals, insects and birds. This could be due to harsh climatic conditions.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

有关影响评估的意见:

Some aspects of information are difficult to establish and could be best evaluated by a household survey.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
季节性温度	旱季	增加	非常好
年降雨量		减少	适度
季雨量	旱季	增加	非常好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	非常好
局地雷暴	非常好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The benefits are instantaneous as soon as the structure is completed and especially if it is during a rainy season. The technology has minimum to near zero maintenance costs which remains relatively the same in the long term. The main tasks for maintenance is seasonal removal of silt at the weir and the washing of the tanks.

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

This is a one Technology which is benefiting the entire community. At the time of project implementation the estimated total population was 1000 people.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

N/A

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
1. Relatively low cost of operation and maintenance. 2. The technology does not require specialised technical skills for the day to day operations

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
1. Relatively high initial investment cost that is unlikely to be raised by communities themselves. Without external financial support it is therefore unlikely that the system can be expanded when water needs increase.	1. A long term plan that includes savings from fees from water sales. 2. Funds could also potentially be acquired from the county government or NGOs

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

A Handbook of gravity-flow water systems for small communities; Thomas D. Jordan Junior; 1980; 978 0 94668 850 0

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

CACH office library, Nairobi

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Rock Catchments for Community Water Supply in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan

URL:

http://waterconsortium.ch/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Poster_Rock_Catchments_Caritas_South_Sudan_2016.pdf

标题/说明:

Adopting locally appropriate WASH solutions: a case study of rock catchment systems in South Sudan

URL:

http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/37/Leclert-1935.pdf