1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

R4D Woody Weeds

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Centre for Training and Integrated Research in ASAL Development (CETRAD) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

15/11/2019

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Area enclosures are a set of restoration strategies through which land is cleared of invasive species, restored using a combination of agronomic, structural, and vegetative measures, and surrounded by barriers to restrict unauthorized entry and minimize disturbance.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Area enclosures are sustainable land management (SLM) technologies implemented locally to rehabilitate land invaded by species such as Prosopis juliflora and prevent further re-invasion. They are crucial in preventing, controlling, and restoring of Prosopis management and are preferred for their cost-effectiveness, offering significant financial, environmental, and social benefits. Enclosures improve land aesthetics, diversify income sources in pastoral economies—such as through the sale of grass seeds and fodder—and help reduce conflicts over grazing land. In Baringo, several women have reported improved livelihoods and livestock acquisition from income generated by selling grass products.
The implementation of this SLM technology involves several steps: Established Prosopis trees are manually cut and uprooted using simple tools like machetes and hoes, with roots removed about 30 cm below the soil surface to prevent coppicing. This labor-intensive process can be hindered by inefficient equipment, potentially increasing costs. Barriers are then erected around the cleared land to restrict access by livestock and unauthorized individuals, often using tree branches for fencing. A tractor plows and ridges the land to create ridges that enhance water infiltration, with stone bunds placed along the edges to slow water flow and reduce soil erosion. Grass seeds are sown on ridge risers to form grass strips, with sowing timed for the rainy season to ensure optimal germination. While the Ministry of Agriculture provides seeds, local farmers may also sell them, as supply can sometimes fall short of demand. Additionally, native plants like acacia are intercropped with grass to offer extra ground cover and shade, reducing soil water evaporation.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2019

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The project was established by an NGO, the Rehabilitation of Arid Environments Charitable Trust (RAE) in collaboration with the community to restore degraded land and enhance human livelihoods in Baringo by providing alternative sources of income. Local participants in the Woody Weeds project adopted the technology for implementation so as to evaluate its effect in managing invasive species while at the same time, enhancing human livelihoods.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Before Prosopis invasion, the area was part of the Perkerra irrigation scheme. Due to climate changes, the streams progressively dried making the land unsuitable for crop production and vulnerable to Prosopis invasion. Likewise, frequent flooding of the area forced community members to abandon flooded parcels, which were subsequently invaded

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

The grass is grown once at the beginning of the restoration and is continuously harvested for 4 to 5 years before re-planting as it naturally re-vegetates after harvesting.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）
• 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

The technology is applied by households in small scale covering an average of between 1 to 5 ha per household.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

To uproot Prosopis trees, the soil around the stem is dug 30 cm deep, matching the maximum plowing depth of a tractor (Figure A). Depending on the stem's diameter, handheld tools like axes may be used to create a 90-degree notch on two opposite sides of the stem before cutting it with a chainsaw. A notch is a V-shaped cut or groove made on opposite sides of the tree's stem. This notch is created with an axe to weaken the tree and guide the direction in which it will fall when the tree is cut down with a chainsaw. The notch helps ensure that the tree falls in a controlled manner, reducing the risk of accidents and making the uprooting process more efficient.
Ridges are formed by a light tractor at a depth of 15 to 20 cm to minimize soil displacement and reduce erosion, with the depth adjusted according to the slope gradient. Shallower depths are often recommended for steeper slopes. The resulting furrows are spaced 1 to 2 meters apart and run parallel to the slope (Figure B) to help retain water and improve infiltration. Additionally, live fence poles are placed 1 meter apart to strengthen the enclosure. These live posts, made from tree stems, can grow roots and continue to thrive after being planted, helping to stabilize the soil, provide shade, and enhance the overall resilience of the enclosure.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

KES

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

110.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Clearance of land	农业学的	Once
2.	Fencing/ Enclosure	结构性的	Once a year
3.	Ploughing	农业学的	Once at the beginning of the project
4.	Ridging	农业学的	Once at the beginning of the project
5.	Stone bund development	结构性的	Once at the beginning of the project
6.	Sowing	农业学的	Once at the beginning of the project in 4 to 5 years
7.	Removal of all Prosopis seedlings while small	农业学的	Repeatedly, but mostly during early stage of technology
8.	"Common" weeding	农业学的	Twice a year, with more frequent removal of seedlings recommended while they are still small in the early stages, until the seed bank is depleted.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Uprooting of Prosopis trees	Man-days	96.0	500.0	48000.0	100.0
劳动力	Fencing	Man-days	38.0	500.0	19000.0	100.0
劳动力	Planting	Man-days	30.0	100.0	3000.0	100.0
设备	Ploughing tractor	Hours	6.0	420.0	2520.0	100.0
设备	Ridging	Hours	6.0	420.0	2520.0	100.0
设备	Chain-saw hire	Fuel-tank used	13.0	600.0	7800.0	100.0
植物材料	Grass seeds	kg	1.0	3000.0	3000.0
技术建立所需总成本					85840.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The woody weeds project

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Weeding	农业学的	Twice a year, but at the initial stages, there may be need for more frequent removal of young seedlings until the Prosopis seedbank in the soil is depleted.
2.	Ridging	结构性的	once or twice a year depending on the status of the ridges
3.	Harvesting	农业学的	Three times a year

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Weeding	Man-hour	90.0	100.0	9000.0	100.0
劳动力	Ridging	Man-hour	60.0	100.0	6000.0	100.0
劳动力	Harvesting	Man-hour	50.0	100.0	5000.0	100.0
劳动力	Stone bunds	Man-hour	6.0	100.0	600.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					20600.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

1. Density of Prosopis invasion
2. Size of the farm area
3. Size of Prosopis trees

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

有关影响评估的意见:

In the very short term, surface soil ersosion and downstream deposition may increase due to clearing work, while in the longer term, if properly managed, erosion is expected to decrease due to vegetation cover management.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	非常不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Diversification of income sources hence improving human livelihoods and well being.
Economic benefits are derived from extra related activities such as charcoal burning from cleared Prosopis trees during land preparation.
Less physical activities in subsequent years after initial planting season making it less tedious and easy to maintain.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improved vegetation regeneration and enhanced recovery of restored degraded land due to restricted human and livestock disturbances .
Enhanced land management measures speeds up rehabilitation strategy as well as mitigating soil erosion.
Suitable for management of invasive species such as Prosopis since land is not left idle for re-invasion.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Market exploitation by middlemen	Price regulation and enhancing equitable access to market
Associated high cost of initial land clearance	Land users should constantly maintain their farms to prevent re-invasion by Prosopis and hence lower the cost of land preparation.
Harvesting grass seeds is tedious and costly	Land users should adopt mechanized harvesting

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The technology is susceptible to environmental shocks and in particular, floods	The implementation of the SLM technology should be compliant with land use plans and disaster prone areas should be avoided. In cases where this is inevitable, suitable structures such as dykes, dams, and canals should be constructed to enhance the resilience of the technology.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Jones, M.B and Donnelly, A. (2004). Carbon sequestration in temperate grassland ecosystems and the influence of management, climate and elevated CO 2; Botany Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01201.x

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Gebrehiwot T, Veen AVD (2014) The Effect of Enclosures in Rehabilitating Degraded Vegetation: A Case of Enderta District, Northern Ethiopia. Forest Res 3:128. doi: 10.4172/2168-9776.1000128

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-effect-of-enclosures-in-rehabilitating-degraded-vegetation-2168-9776.1000128.php?aid=33063

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Eschen, R., Bekele, K., Jumanne, Y., Kibet, S., Makale, F., Mbwambo, J.R., Megersa, B., Mijay, M., Moyo, F., Munishi, L., Mwihomeke, M., Nunda, W., Nyangito, M., Witt, A., Schaffner, U., ‘Experimental prosopis management practices and grassland restoration in three Eastern African countries,’ CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 13 July 2023.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

DOI: 10.1186/s43170-023-00163-5

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Restoration of degraded grasslands, but not invasion by Prosopis juliflora, avoids trade-offs between climate change mitigation and other ecosystem services Purity Rima Mbaabu, Daniel Olago, Maina Gichaba, Sandra Eckert, René Eschen, Silas Oriaso, Simon Kosgei Choge, Theo Edmund Werner Linders, Urs Schaffner

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77126-7

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Towards estimating the economic cost of invasive alien species to African crop and livestock production. Eschen, R., Beale, T., Bonnin, J. M., Taylor, B., & 10 additional authors (2021) CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 2(1).

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-021-00038-7, Free

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Prosopis juliflora management and grassland restoration in Baringo County, Kenya: Opportunities for soil carbon sequestration and local livelihoods. Eschen, R., Bekele, K., Mbaabu, P. R., Eckert, S., (2021) Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(6), 1234-1245.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13854, Free

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Nutrient and Sediment Discharge from Southern Plains Grasslands

URL:

https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jrm/article/download/7560/7172