1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

DESIRE (EU-DES!RE)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine (Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine) - 突尼斯

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Office de l'élevage et des paturages (OEP) - 突尼斯

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

23/06/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

This technique is based on the principle of leaving the rangeland protected (by excluding grazing during 2-3 years) to allow the plant cover to recover.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

To tackle degradation and the negative effects of drought on rangelands, leaving the rangeland protected for rehabilitation is one of the common practices used for many decades by local people in arid areas of Tunisia. This technique is based on the principle of not allowing grazing for a period and thus resting the rangeland so that the plant cover can recover. The grazing-free period lasts commonly from 2 to 3 years depending on the ecosystem resilience (its capacity to recover) and climatic conditions. Owing to the high cost of fencing, an agreement between the administration and users is achieved regarding the boundaries (generally making use of natural ones such as a mountain chain, wadi, etc.). Users are totally committed to respect the protection of the site during the fixed period. In return, they receive a subsidy to compensate for the loss of production during this period. It is estimated at a quantity of barley equivalent to 70 US $ per hectare per year.

Purpose of the Technology: Applied in several types of improved land managements (rangeland improvement, dunes stabilization, national parks, etc.), this technique gives good results in terms of regeneration of vegetation in arid and even desert areas of Tunisia. However, the effectiveness of this technique varies according to several factors which determine the potential for regeneration of the treated area (rainfall, soil properties, level of degradation reached, etc.).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The resting period is recommended even in heavily overgrazed sites, but only if the vegetation still has its resilience capacity (indicated by the presence of some remnants of key and good range species) so that regeneration is possible. To have a fast, substantial and convincing impact, this technique should be applied in those rangelands that still contain relics of good pastoral species and where soil is more or less covered by sediments which allow good infiltration. These wind deposits are used as seed bed and act as mulch. In situations of extreme degradation, there is no point in applying this technique, since in these situations the soil seed stocks are often lacking and/or the soil has reached a very degraded and shallow state.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

The national strategy for rangeland improvement started in 1990.

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): degradation of plant cover, loss of plant diversity (mainly perennial species), abundance of unpalatable species, soil erosion.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): low potential of rangelands, increase in feed costs,

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: goat and sheep

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 240Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - May

牲畜密度（如相关）:

> 100 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）
• 轮作制度（轮作、休耕、轮垦）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bh: loss of habitats, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Free continous grazing), other human induced causes (specify) (tree and cereal crop expansion, fuel wood collection)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Overgrazed (left) and rested (right) rangelands

Date: 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase of biomass (quantity), Increase of species richness (quality)

Major change in timing of activities: from herding to fencing (rotational grazing)

Control / change of species composition: rangeland resting

Other type of management: supplementary feeding resources

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

TND

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

1.3

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Agreement between the rangelands users and the National office of livestock and pasture (OEP)	管理
2.	Identification and delimitation of the rangelands to be left fallow.	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
其它	delimitation rested rangelands	ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	50.0
其它	subsidies (animal feed barely)	ha	1.0	30.0	30.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					80.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Provide subsidies for the owners	管理	Annually
2.	The owner has to guard the rested rangelands (otherwise subsidies can be suspended).	管理
3.	The owner has to guard the rested rangelands (otherwise subsidies can be suspended).	管理	Annually

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
其它	subsidies (animal feed barely)	ha	1.0	70.0	70.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					70.0

注释:

The subsidies (barely) are fully provided by the government in the framework of the national strategy.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zones: 101-500 m a.s.l. (Dahar plateau rangelands)

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is: very low
Soil drainage / infiltration is: medium
Soil water storage is: low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water: Poor/none (surface water is limited by rainfall) or medium (in the mountain area)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Biodiversity is medium in the mountain areas and low in the others

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Genrally, the outside house work is performed by men.
Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
10% of the land users are rich and own 20% of the land.
70% of the land users are average wealthy and own 60% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 20% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Off-farm incomes come from migration, construction works, commerce, tourism sector, administration or informal activities.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

注释:

Without human disturbance, natural vegetation is well adapted to drought.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

98% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

2% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Reduce the costs of supplementation of livestock How can they be sustained / enhanced? subsidies of the goverment

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Traditional technology - not expensive How can they be sustained / enhanced? by the participation of the land user's

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Limitation of the grazing area	subsidies from the government and/or reduce animal numbers.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Heavily based on government subsidies	alternative feed, rangeland seeding, etc.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouled Belgacem A., Papanastasis V. 1995. Impact of Grazing practices on rangeland vegetation of western Crete. Cah. Options Méditerr. ISSN: 1022-1379. vol.12: 209-212

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA , CIHEAM

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouled Belgacem A., Chaieb M., Neffati M., Tiedeman J. 2006. Response of Stipa lagascae R. & Sch. to protection under arid condition of southern Tunisia. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 9(3):465-469.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouled Belgacem, A., Ben Salem H., Bouaicha A., El Mourid Mohamed. 2008. Communal rangeland rest in arid area, a tool for facing animal feed costs and drought mitigation: the case of Chenini community, southern Tunisia. J. Bio. Sc., 8(4): 822-825.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouled Belgacem A., Zaafouri M.S. 1996. Impact de la privatisation des terres de parcours collectives sur la végétation pastorale en zones désertiques Tunisienne. Option Médit. Serie A: Séminaires Méditerranéens, n° 32: 213-217.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA, CIHEAM