1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Bangladesh Forest Department (Bangladesh Forest Department) - 孟加拉国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Mixed plantation technique with slow growing indigenous plant species in hill slope, that plays an important role to protect land degradation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Mixed-species plantations can play an important role in regulating land degradation and sustainable management of degraded forest areas. Among the various forestry practices, planting fast-growing species (used in mono-culture plantation) with slow-growing and indigenous species has a positive long-term impact on forest land management. Mixed species tree plantations have the potential to improve forest soils, forest cover and biological diversity, and facilitate forest succession in degraded ecosystems. In addition to carbon accumulation, mixed plantations also increase understory plant regeneration, and in some cases, reduce diseases and pests infestation in plantation. This technology is applied in hill-forest areas in Bangladesh for preventing erosion and risk of landslides, and to provide a sustainable supply of timber and fuel wood.
The plantation site located in Hathazari area of Chittagong division and inside the periphery of University of Chittagong. The landform is hill slope with 16-30% slopes on average. The annual rainfall is around 2500 mm and the soil texture is loamy to silty. The species used at the Hathazari plantation site were: Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Telsur (Hopea odorata), Chapalish (Artocarpus chaplasha), Pithraj (Aphanamixis polystachya), and Minjiri (Senna siamea). All are deep-rooted, slow growing indigenous plant species with a felling rotation of 25-30 years. The Dipterocarpus species grows well on top of hill whereas Artocarpus chaplasha and Hopea odorata grows well in mid slope. Aphanamixis polystachya and Senna siamea perform well in bottom layer of hill. The sequence has positive mutual effects on tree growing. The plantation was established and managed by the authority of University of Chittagong (owner of the land) in 1990 with 2500 trees planted per hectare area (spacing interval 2m x 2m). The average slope of the site is around 30%. Before reforestation, the land was degraded and unproductive. As only a few scattered trees grow due to a huge demand of fuel wood the resulting insufficient coverage by tree crowns frequently led to landslides in the area. The local communities are only allowed to collect the dead branches as fuel and other non-wood forest products like honey, mushrooms, fruits and fodders from the plantation site.
The major activities required to establish the plantation are: seed collection, nursery preparation, site preparation, pit preparation, planting, tying of plants to stick for support, application of fertilizer, compost and biocide. After first establishment, the plantation needs ongoing maintenance activities such as weeding, refilling of vacancies, thinning, pruning, application of fertilizers and biocides (if necessary) and cutting of climbers. The timber species undergo a variety of thinning practices before the entire stand reaches maturity. These trees are progressively thinned out to provide fuel wood and timber, while allowing room for the natural regeneration of native species. The university authority carried out the maintenance activities and such a practice is advantageous to adjacent local communities since it meets their fuel wood demand.
Prior to establishment of the plantation, the area was barren and unproductive, and was hardly a suitable habitat for wildlife. More critically, during the annual monsoons, landslides were a regular phenomenon. The natural regeneration of the deforested area was additionally hampered by incendiary fires set by local communities for agricultural purpose. After the establishment of the plantation and the subsequent improvement of forest/land cover, it is now a habit for various species of bird, monkeys, deer, wild pigs, and rabbits. Furthermore, in humid tropical regions like Bangladesh, the frequent litterfall from indigenous plant species in mixed plantations constitutes the bulk of soil organic matter, and improved nutrient availability and soil fertility.
Though the mixed plantation required intensive management in the early stage, the example of this plantation shows that the mixed plantation with indigenous species is worthwhile and a degraded area can fully recover after 20 years. However, illicit felling of timber trees and illegal removal of litters from the ground for fuel by the local communities are still remains as a management challenge. The practice retains ecological integrity and enhances human well-being (through ‘cultural’ ecosystem services such as aesthetic beauty, ecotourism etc.) and livelihood (timber, fuelwood, non-timber forest products) as well.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1990

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 降低灾害风险
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

BDT

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

83.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Nursery preparation (seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation, weed control)	October
2.	Site preparation (prepare plantation site map with GPS, jungle cutting, debris collection and staging, preparation of inspection paths and fire lines)	May
3.	Plantation (pit preparation, tying up of plants, application of fertilizers, compost and biocide, stick for support)	June-July

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Nursery work	Person day	32.0	500.0	16000.0	100.0
劳动力	Site preparation	Person day	20.0	500.0	10000.0	100.0
劳动力	Plantation	Person day	40.0	500.0	20000.0	100.0
设备	Polybags	Pieces	3000.0	1.0	3000.0	100.0
设备	Loamy soil	Cubic meter	6.0	400.0	2400.0	100.0
设备	Bamboo	Pieces	7.0	600.0	4200.0	100.0
设备	Stick	Pieces	2600.0	2.0	5200.0	100.0
设备	Rope	Lump sum	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
设备	Bucket, Spade, Knife	Lump sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	Kg	2.0	500.0	1000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea	Kg	12.0	35.0	420.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	TSP	Kg	12.0	40.0	480.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	MoP	Kg	12.0	30.0	360.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost	Kg	3200.0	4.0	12800.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocide	Lump Sum	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
施工材料	Signboard (to demarcate plantation area, number of species planted and year of plantation)	Pieces	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					78260.0
技术建立总成本，美元					942.89

注释:

The University of Chittagong is the land user here.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	1st year weeding and climber cutting	3 times in a year
2.	2nd year weeding, climber cutting and thinning	3 times in a year
3.	3rd year weeding, climber cutting, thinning and pruning	3 times in a year
4.	1st year Vacancy filling, fertilizer and compost application	June-July
5.	2nd year Vacancy filling, fertilizer and compost application	June-July

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	1st year weeding and climber cutting	person-day	21.0	500.0	10500.0	100.0
劳动力	2nd year weeding, climber cutting and thinning	person-day	21.0	500.0	10500.0	100.0
劳动力	3rd year weeding, climber cutting, thinning and pruning	person-day	12.0	500.0	6000.0	100.0
劳动力	Vacancy filling, fertilizer and compost application 2 times	person-day	30.0	500.0	15000.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings	pieces	500.0	10.0	5000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea, TSP, MoP, Compost	Lump sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					48000.0
技术维护总成本，美元					578.31

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labor cost

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
年降雨量		减少	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
This practice reduces 80% of landslides in this area.
Increases the soil fertility of the degraded land through improved nutrient cycling.
Enhances biodiversity conservation through habitat improvement.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increase carbon sequestration
Provide a sustainable source of fuel wood and timber to the land user

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Protecting mixed-species plantations from illicit felling is difficult	Regular patrolling need to be introduced
Silvicultural practices like thinning and pruning are not systematically practiced as local community collect dead branches for fuel
Local community collect litter from the ground to meet their fuel demand and this reduces the soil fertility	Collecting litter from ground should be banned to protect soil fertility

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Due to the slow-growing nature of indigenous plant species, there is a long lag period before harvest gets possible (which has impacts on income).	Alternate income generation activity need to be introduced

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire addressed all the specifications of the technology