技术

Organic cotton [布基纳法索]

technologies_957 - 布基纳法索

完整性: 67%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Lazare Yombi

Helvetas Burkina Faso

布基纳法索

SLM专业人员:

Eyhorn Frank

Helvetas

布基纳法索

SLM专业人员:

Dischl Raphael

Helvetas

布基纳法索

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

In the Loba province of Burkina Faso, the production, storage, processing and marketing of organic cotton has been promoted since 2004 by Helvetas.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Organic cotton production adheres to the principles and standards of organic farming. Any application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and the use of genetically modified varieties are forbidden. Organic cotton relies on a combination of different measures: (1) the use of organic fertilizers (manure or compost) and recycling of organic matter; (2) Crop rotation and/or intercropping; (3) Careful selection of varieties adapted to local conditions (climate, soil, pests and diseases); (4) Biological pest management (in combination with careful monitoring of crops); (5) Clear separation of organic and conventional cropland, e.g. by growing border crops (to avoid contact with chemical substances through spray drift or surface runoff); and (6) Soil and water conservation measures. Timely crop management (e.g. weeding) is very important. In Loba rotations crops include sesame (a cash crop), cereals and legumes (food crops), while intercrops include leguminous green manure and trap plants. The best adapted cotton variety is FK-37. Bio-pesticides are produced based on neem seeds (Azadirachta indica). The measures listed above help to improve soil fertility, reduce production costs (and thus financial risk) and avoid the negative effects of conventional farming: declining yields, resistance to pests and diseases, health hazards and environmental problems caused through the use of chemicals. By relying on inputs available/produced on the farm and by getting a better price for certified organic products, profitability of the farm is improved in the long run despite of lower productivity compared to conventional or genetically modified (GM) cotton. Farms need to complete a 3-year conversion period to change their production system from conventional to organic. Farmers have to maintain records and documents for periodic inspection and certification (Internal control system).

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

布基纳法索

区域/州/省:

Ioba province

有关地点的进一步说明:

Dano

注释:

around 7'000 farmers

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 保护生态系统
  • 创造有益的经济影响
  • 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 纤维作物 - 棉花
  • 豆科牧草和豆类 - 其他
  • 种子作物 - 芝麻、罂粟、芥末、其他
采用间作制度了吗?:

采用轮作制度了吗?:

注释:

Major food crop: Cereals, legumes and root crops for subsistence
Major cash crop: Cotton
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Fertility decline and reduced OM content; Biodiversity decline

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 轮作制度(轮作、休耕、轮垦)
  • 土壤肥力综合管理
  • Organic production

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A2:有机质/土壤肥力
注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Secondary technical functions: improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: intercrops include leguminous green manure and trap plants

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: manure or compost

Agronomic measure: bio-pesticides
Material/ species: from Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica)

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Get a knapsack
2. None

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
设备 15-liter-knapsack ha 1.0 50.0 50.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 52.0
技术建立总成本,美元 52.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Compost production / Clear crop residues on fields where cotton will be planted, use for mulch or compost production (no burning)
2. Apply organic manure: 7.5 t/ha / Ploughing (for incorporation of manure, pest and weed control)
3. Sow cotton and intercrops (such as Hibiscus esculentus – a trap plant for pests; or Mucuna – a green manure plant); Thin out cotton after 10-20 days (1-2 plants per pocket)
4. Weeding (3 to 4 times: 20/40/70/100days after sowing)/ Pest control (manual collection); Spraying of bio-pesticide (64 liters / ha, based on neem seeds): according to infestation: up to 3 times
5. Ridging (form furrows and ridges using plough or manually)/ Pre-harvest weeding/ Harvesting/ Cut cotton stems / residues and incorporate into the soil

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 160.0 160.0 100.0
其它 Cotton & intercrop seeds, ma ha 1.0 28.0 28.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 188.0
技术维护总成本,美元 188.0
注释:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, plough, wheel-barrow, knapsack

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Standard equipment (hoe, plough, wheel-barrow) is not included in costs, knapsack is provided by producer’s association (UNPCB) on credit; transport bags are donated. Labour and other inputs for erosion control measures (e.g. stone bunds) are not included in costs. Neem biocide costs US$ 0.7 per liter; organic cotton seeds cost US$ 1.7 per 50 kg.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: tropics. Tropical, with high rainfall variability

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitutinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (300-500m)

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture (topsoil): Coarse/light (sandy or sandy-clayey texture) and fine/heavy (cotton prefers dry, hot and sunny climate, a minimum of 500 mm of rain distributed over the vegetation period (5 months), deep and heavy clay soils (vertisols) with no risk of water-logging)
Soil fertility: Medium
Soil drainage / infiltration: Medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业)
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: certain activities carried out in mutual help groups
Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Market orientation: Mixed (organic products for market; other crops such as cereals, legumes and root crops for subsistence)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

Average cotton production area ca. 1 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
土地使用权:
  • 个人
注释:

group (family clans) / state

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

生产故障风险

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Reduced financial risk, less indebtedness for input provision

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

better price due to organic premium (50% more than for conventional cotton) compensates initial decrease of yields

其它社会经济效应

Production costs

increased
reduced
注释/具体说明:

less expenses for inputs (- 90% compared to conventional cotton), gross margin is 30% higher,

社会文化影响

健康状况

恶化
改良
注释/具体说明:

enhanced health of humans and livestock: no health risks due to pesticides, diversified and organic food crops

社区机构

削弱
加强
注释/具体说明:

enhanced organisation (farmers groups)

income opportunity for women

decreased
increased

生态影响

土壤

养分循环/补给

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

due to organic manure and crop rotation

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
生物多样性:植被、动物

有益物种

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Eco-balance between pests and beneficial insects

其它生态影响

Soil water holding capacity

decreased
increased

Pollution of the environment through toxic chemicals

increased
decreased
注释/具体说明:

No pollution

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

注释:

Tolerant to climatic extremes due to higher water retention capacity of soils, reduced erosion and crop diversification (reduced risk of total crop failure)

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

稍微积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

Establishment costs are higher than revenues due to investments & initial decrease in yield (conversion period). On the long term, advanced farmers can achieve same or even higher yields than conventional cotton systems

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on adoption trend: The proportion of organic cotton is growing. Cotton is the top export product in Burkina Faso and other West-African countries (50-60 % of export revenues). The proportion of organic cotton is growing. Actually 1% is produced organically. Around 7,000 farmers are producing organic cotton in Burkina Faso, of whom 28% are women.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This technology helps to improve soil fertility, reduce production costs (and thus financial risk) and avoid the negative effects of conventional farming: declining yields, resistance to pests and diseases, health hazards and environmental problems caused through the use of chemicals

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Lack of water establish water retention structures
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Coexistence of organic and GMO cotton resulting in high risk of contamination intensify training of farmers; set up a coordination platform between organic and GMO farms; GMO communication plan; establish a sampling & testing system
Insufficient application of manure / compost training on compost production; promote supply of organic manure (e.g. through SMEs specialized in compost production).
Large distance to cotton fields (resulting in high transportation costs) due to interfering of browsing livestock close to village hay-making and corralling of livestock.
Lack of land, land ownership and land security promote land leasing; resolve tenure problem on political level.
Lack of equipment (e.g. plough) Develop and maintain access to credits for small-scale farmers.

7. 参考和链接

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Helvetas. 2008. Guide de production - Un manuel de reference (Authors: Ouedraogo A, Yombi L, Doumbia S, Eyhorn F, Dischl R)

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Eyhorn F., S.G. Ratter, M. Ramakrishnan. 2005. Organic Cotton Crop Guide – A Manual for Practitioners in the Tropics; Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland

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