技术

Composting associated with planting pits [布基纳法索]

Zai avec apport de compost (french)

technologies_959 - 布基纳法索

完整性: 69%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

De Pury Jean Pascal Etienne

Centre Ecologique Albert Schweitzer (CEAS)

瑞士

SLM专业人员:

Ouedraogo Elisée

Centre Ecologique Albert Schweitzer (CEAS)

瑞士

SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称(如相关)
Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Centre Ecologique Albert Schweitzer (CEAS) - 瑞士
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
INERA Institut de l'environnement et de recherches agricoles (INERA Institut de l'environnement et de recherches agricoles) - 布基纳法索

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Compost production, and its application in planting pits (zai) by farmers on fields near their homes.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Compost is produced in shallow pits, approximately 20 cm deep and 1.5 m by 3 m wide. During November and December layers of chopped crop residues, animal dung and ash are heaped, as they become available, up to 1.5 m high and watered. The pile is covered with straw and left to heat up and decompose. After around 15-20 days the compost is turned over into a second pile and watered again. This is repeated up to three times - as long as water is available. Compost heaps are usually located close to the homestead. Alternatively, compost can be produced in pits which are up to one metre deep. Organic material is filled to ground level. The pit captures rain water, which makes this method of composting
a valuable option in dry areas.
The compost is either applied immediately to irrigated gardens, or kept in a dry shaded place for the next sorghum seeding. In the latter case one handful of compost is mixed with loose soil in each planting pit (zai). These pits are dug 60 cm by 60 cm apart. Three to four grains of sorghum are planted in each pit. Compost in the pits both conserves water and supplies nutrients. This enables the sorghum plants to establish better, grow faster and reach maturity before the rains finish. As compost is applied locally to the crop, not only is the positive effect maximised, but also the weeds between the pits do not benefit. The water retaining capacity of the compost (absorbing several times its own weight) makes the difference. This is much more important than the additional nutrients, which only become available in subsequent years, and do not anyway completely replace all the nutrients extracted by the crops.
The planting pits also help by harvesting runoff water from the microcatchments between them. Boulgou experiences erratic and variable rainfall with frequent droughts. The poor soils are often crusted and have a low water-retention capacity. Due to a high and increasing population, the land has become exhausted, and fallow periods are no longer sufficient as a consequence. Fertility and yields have declined. Sorghum without compost is more vulnerable to drought and crop failure.
During the dry season, after harvest, fields are grazed by cattle of the nomadic pastoral Peuhl, who also herd the agriculturalists’ livestock. Interestingly, the Peuhl have started to systematically collect the manure for sale, since the increased demand (for composting) has led to doubling of the price. Composting has been applied in Boulgou Province of Burkina Faso since 1988.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

布基纳法索

区域/州/省:

Boulgou Province, Burkina Faso

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 200 km2.

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 农林牧业

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 油料作物 - 花生
  • 谷物类 - 玉米
  • 谷类 - 高粱
  • 蔬菜 - 叶菜(色拉、卷心菜、菠菜和其他)
  • 蔬菜 - 根茎类蔬菜(胡萝卜、洋葱、甜菜等)
  • 豆科牧草和豆类 - 豌豆
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: May - Oct

采用轮作制度了吗?:

牧场

牧场

动物类型:
  • 山羊
  • 骡子和驴
  • zebu cattle
森林/林地

森林/林地

产品和服务:
  • 薪材
  • 水果和坚果
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Population increase has led to cultivation of all the available arable land, thus shortening or eliminating fallow periods.
Organic matter in the soil is reduced, the water holding capacity of the soil has diminished and consequently yields have fallen. This has been compounded by the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s. Thirty years ago farmers harvested 800 kg/ha each year, but by the 1980s yields had fallen to merely 400 kg/ha on average.

Main products/ services: Sorghum and zebu cattle (after harvest)

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 土壤肥力综合管理
  • 集水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
物理性土壤退化

物理性土壤退化

  • Pc:压实
  • Pk:熟化和结壳
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Ha:干旱化
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other human induced causes (specify) (causes agricoles: Suppression des jachères; surpâturage), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Secheresse du sol due à la destruction de l'humus plus qu'aumanque de pluie.), Expansion démographique, manque de connaissances (Comment acquerir ces connaissances)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), manque de moyens financiers (comment en produire avec des connaissances)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

A: Overview of compost making and zai planting pits within a field. Tree shade helps to conserve moisture in the compost pits.
B: Cross section of compost pit: protective straw (1); successive layers of compost (2), clay layer at the bottom (3).
C: Detailed view of zai planting pit.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase in soil fertility, improvement of soil structure

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: compost
Quantity/ density: 7-10 t/ha
Remarks: applied in planting pits

作者:

Mats Gurtner

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Transport compost to the fields: April / annual
2. Deepen planting pits (zai) (to original dimensions of 15 cm deep, 20 cm diameter, and 60 cm apart) and apply a handful of compost mixed with earth, just before planting sorghum After the first rains / annual
注释:

Editors’ comments: Soil fertility decline is a major problem for much of Africa, and composting provides an opportunity for local mitigation of this. There are many ways of making compost, and this case is a good example of ‘aerobic heap compost’ from Burkina Faso. Here, the compost is concentrated in planting pits, which additionally harvest water.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
设备 Tools ha 1.0 10.0 10.0 100.0
施工材料 Clay 1
技术建立所需总成本 12.0
技术建立总成本,美元 12.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Dig two compost pits (3 m by 1.5 m and 20 cm deep). Cover the bottom of each pit with 3 cm clay layer. beginning of the dry season (November). / initial establishment
2. Put 20 cm layer of chopped crop residues (cereal straw) into thecompost pit (water with one bucket). Add 5 cm layer of animal manure. Add 1 cm layer of ash. Repeat steps 1–3 until the compost pile is 1.0–1.5 m high. November / annual
3. Cover pile with straw to reduce evaporation, and leave to decompose. November / annual / up to 3 times (as long as water is available)
4. Turn compost after 15 days into the 2nd pit, then after another 15 days back into the 1st pit. Water the pile after each turning with 3 buckets of water. / up to 3 times (as long as water is available)
5. Store ready compost in dry shady place. January / annual

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Labour ha 1.0 20.0 20.0 100.0
设备 Wheelbarrow renting ha 1.0 6.0 6.0 100.0
设备 None None 1.0
设备 None None 1.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Compost/manure ha 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
施工材料 Wet straw ha
施工材料 ash ha
其它 Compost transportation ha 1.0 2.0 2.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 30.0
技术维护总成本,美元 30.0
注释:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, knife, digging stick, bucket

Costs relate to production and application of one ton of compost per hectare - which a farmer can make in one year and is the product of one full compost pit. The compost is directly applied to each planting pit: since the pits all in all
constitute only around 10-15% of the field surface, compost is effectively applied at a concentration of 7-10 t/ha. This rate is equal to actual rates applied in small irrigated gardens (<0.1 ha). If compost is produced in deep pits, production is cheaper because there is less work involved.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Duration of establishment: 1 week

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: tropics

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Fine / heavy (elevations) and coarse/light (depressions)
Soil fertility: Low (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (and decreasing further)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: Low

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Market orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2, in good years)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
注释:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 0.5-1 ha, 1-2 ha, 2-5 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 社区/村庄
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加

饲料生产

降低
增加

饲料质量

降低
增加
收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

By several times in dry years, compared to no compost use

工作量

增加
降低
其它社会经济效应

Integration of agriculturalists and pastoralists

decreased
increased

Input constraints

increased
decreased
注释/具体说明:

Water for compost making

社会文化影响

社区机构

削弱
加强

冲突缓解

恶化
改良

生态影响

水循环/径流

多余水的排放

减少
改良
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低
其它生态影响

Soil fertility

decreased
increased

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

6.5 技术采用

如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

5000

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 91-100%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Strong trend towards growing spontaneous adoption. Almost everybody wants to imitate neighbors - but not everyone had received adequate training. Demand grew because of the expanded membership of the association. Some pastoralists use it in their gardens.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
All land users, even the poorest, can learn to make and apply compost. No jealousy amongst land users, which is a prerequisite for ist spread/acceptance

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Keep going with training and extension.
Possibility of doubling cereal yields in normal years: any surplus production can be sold

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Produce enough good compost/manure.
Ensures yields in dry years, giving security against drought and hunger.
Gives high income in dry years due to production increase and double prices on the market for the surplus

How can they be sustained / enhanced? However the government is attempting to stabilise prices, so this benefit might not endure.
Requires only locally available resources, and knowledge about compost application is ‘owned’ by the farmers: nobody can take it away from them.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
The modest quantity of compost applied is not enough to replace the nutrients extracted by the crops in the long term Small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous fertiliser need to be added and crop rotation practiced.
The short/medium term local benefits are not associated with a positive overall, long-term ecological impact because there is a net transfer of organic matter (manure) to the fields from the surroundings Improve management of the vegetation outside the cropland, avoiding overgrazing etc to increase manure production.
Needs considerable water and thus also extra labour Pit composting helps to reduce water requirement in drier areas and at the same time reduces labour input.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouedraogo E . Influence d’un amendement de compost sur sol ferrugineux tropicaux en milieu paysan. Impact sur laproduction de sorgho à Zabré en 1992. Mémoire de diplôme.. 1992.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

CEAS Neuchâtel, Switzerland

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnagedes unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux decompostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnagedes unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux decompostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnagedes unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux decompostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnagedes unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux decompostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnagedes unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux decompostage, 4pp. 2000.

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