技术

Irrigation of paddy fields using water-pumping wheels (Norias) [柬埔寨]

រហាត់ទឹក (Khmer)

technologies_1644 - 柬埔寨

完整性: 82%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
土地使用者:

Khun Lean Hak

SOFDEC/LAREC, www.sofdec.org

柬埔寨

SLM专业人员:

Sreytouch Bin

SOFDEC

柬埔寨

SLM专业人员:

Pith Khonhel

LAREC

柬埔寨

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Society for Community Development in Cambodia (SOFDEC) - 柬埔寨
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Local Agricultural Research and Extension Centre (LAREC) - 柬埔寨

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题,导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术?:

1.5 参考关于SLM方法(使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法)的调查问卷

Water user group
approaches

Water user group [柬埔寨]

A water user group, led by a committee staff, decides about the distribution of the water during the dry season to plant dry season rice.

  • 编制者: Stefan Graf

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Norias are water-pumping wheels made of bamboo which are used to irrigate paddy fields in order to increase the yield.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Norias are undershot waterwheels used to pump up water. They are a traditional technology in south-east Asia, where the technology is passed on from father to son. Norias are traditionally made of bamboo and wood. The stream powers the wheel; the bamboo tubes closed at one end fill with water, carry it up and release it in a trough which flows to the fields. To avoid damages from floating debris and water plants, a diverting bamboo fence is built upstream.
When the water level in the river is lower, an underwater bound is built to direct it toward the wheel and ensure a continuous pumping. This is done around three times a year. In case of a flood, the waterwheel can be damaged or destroyed, which occurs around once a year. The noria described in this case study is in use from June to November, as the river dries out. With its 3 m diameter it allows the production of two rice harvests a year on 2.5 ha. During the dry season, it is removed and repaired.

The purpose of this irrigation device is to ensure a permanent water access in the rice field, and to produce 2 harvests instead of one per year. The norias are low cost devices which are built by the farmer themselves, but can only be used to irrigate fields which are located close to a river.

To build a noria, an experienced farmer only needs around one day, and wood and bamboo worth around 25 US$. It is installed at the beginning of the rainy season, and removed at the end to be fixed. In case of floods (which happens around once a year) it also needs to be fixed. The maintenance costs are around a quarter of the establishment costs. When the water level drops, a berm is built in the water to redirect the water toward the wheel, which is needed around three times a year. With this berm, the speed and thus pumping of water can be regulated.

The analysed area is flat (slope < 2%), with a tropical climate (dry and wet season), and the soils are mostly sandy or loamy. The soils contain little organic matter (low soil fertility, acidification, small amount of cattle, area has been deforested a long time ago) and the groundwater table is rather high (2 m below soil level during the dry season, on the surface during the wet season). There are many temporary and a few permanent streams in the area.
Due to climate change, the rainfalls are more erratic, temperatures rise and droughts are more recurrent. Rice is the predominant crop grown in the area, since it serves as staple food (mix subsistence and commercial activities). Rice is often grown in monocultures and harvested once a year. Once the rice is harvested (dry season), some farmers release cattle to the paddy fields to eat the straw and weeds.

As an addition to rice, most land users grow vegetables and fruits in small home gardens (subsistence) and complement their income by producing handicrafts or through off-farm income / remittances from family members working in other places. The increasing migration rate (the young generation leaves the villages to work in the cities, garment industry or abroad) results in a decrease of available labour force in the area which has detrimental effects on the agricultural activities. Furthermore, the civil war in the 1970s (Khmer Rouge) led to the loss of agricultural knowledge which different NGOs try to re-establish.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

柬埔寨

区域/州/省:

Kampong Chhnang

有关地点的进一步说明:

Toeuk Phos

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • 0.1-1 平方千米

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 50多年前(传统)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 作为传统系统的一部分(> 50 年)
注释(项目类型等):

Norias are a traditional setting in south-east Asia. The farmer from this case study learned it from his father, and the family continuously used them for generations (except during the Pol Pot regime).

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 改良生产
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 谷类 - 水稻(湿地)
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210, Longest growing period from month to month: June-December

水道、水体、湿地

水道、水体、湿地

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Low soil fertility, lack of irrigation, monocultures, overgrazing, soil left bare after ploughing.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Lack of irrigation.
Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 灌溉管理(包括供水、排水)
  • 引水和排水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

结构措施

结构措施

  • S11:其它

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Ha:干旱化
注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management, crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Rice monocultures, with soil left bare after ploughing.), droughts (More erratic rainfall.)
Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Uncontrolled grazing of cattle.), change in temperature (More hot days.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Noria, undershot water wheel lifting up water. The stream pushes the wheel, while the bamboos closed on one side are filled with water which is released into the trough where it flows to the fields.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high
Technical knowledge required for land users: low (This is the farmers opinion. He said building norias is easy, everybody in the village could build them. On the other hand, only farmers who learned it from their father use it.)
Main technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply
Secondary technical functions: increase of biomass (quantity)

Structural measure: Noria
Construction material (earth): The bank is built in the river when the water level is low to divert the water toward the wheel.
Construction material (wood): Bamboo fence in the water to avoid damages by floating plants or waste.
Beneficial area: 2.5 ham2

作者:

FAO, Rome, http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E05.htm

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

5.00

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Build and install the noria.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 labour 1.0 15.0 15.0 100.0
设备 tools 1.0 20.0 20.0 100.0
施工材料 wood 1.0 25.0 25.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 60.0
技术建立总成本,美元 60.0

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Repair and reinstall the water wheel Yearly, at the wet season of the dry season and after the floods.
2. Build a small bound inside the river to redirect the water toward the noria When the water level sinks, approximately 3 times/year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 labour 1.0 20.0 20.0 100.0
施工材料 wood 1.0 12.5 12.5 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 32.5
技术维护总成本,美元 32.5
注释:

Machinery/ tools: hatchet, saw, drill
The costs were calculated in 2014 for a noria of around 3 m diameter, irrigating 2.5 ha of rice fields.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The availability of wood and bamboo determines the costs.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

1486.45 mm 2013 in Kampong Chhnang

农业气候带
  • 半湿润

Thermal climate class: tropics. 27-35°C

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

表面上

地表水的可用性:

水质(未处理):

不良饮用水(需要处理)

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

during dry seasons

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • 收入的10-50%
相对财富水平:
  • 平均水平
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
性别:
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Difference in the involvement of women and men: Heavy labour, and skills are passed on from father to son.
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1% (Rich farmers use pumps, poor farmers do not have land near the river.).
Off-farm income specification: Handicraft, remittances, and factory work.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 中等规模的

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 社区/村庄
  • 个人,未命名
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)
  • 个人
用水权:
  • 自由进入(无组织)
注释:

Land users have a title that is not recognized by the state.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

2 rice harvests instead of one.

生产故障风险

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

No problems during dry season.

生产区域

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Same land twice under use.

水资源可用性和质量

灌溉用水需求

增加
降低
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Pumps are around 10 times more expensive to rent.

农业收入

降低
增加

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

2 harvests, without risk of failure due to drought.

contribution to human well-being

decreased
increased
注释/具体说明:

2 rice harvests instead of one improves the livelihood of the farmers applying this technology.

生态影响

水循环/径流

水量

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Decreased water availability in the river.

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

Period of production is increased.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨 不好
局地风暴
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱
水文灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
比较和缓的(河道)洪水 不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期 未知

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

非常积极

长期回报:

非常积极

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 91-100%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
5 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
The suitable water streams are given, norias can only irrigate areas close to streams.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The river water quality (nutrients) is higher than the quality of rainwater for the irrigation of crops.
Through the use of Norias there is always water in the paddy fields; the rice is less threatened by droughts
There are two rice harvests each year instead of one.
Norias are much cheaper (around 10 times) than renting a water pump.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Fields are only irrigated when sufficient water is available, thus not depleting the river of all its water, as norias need a rather high water flow rate.
Do not rely on fossil fuels.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Norias are damaged/destroyed in case of floods. A weather forecast system would allow to remove/secure the noria in case of a flood.
The fields need to be close to a stream, at a distance of max. 100 m as a noria does not pump much water. Use SRI (System of Rice Intensification) with alternately flooding and drying the fields.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

  • 实地考察、实地调查
  • 与土地使用者的访谈
(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

14/08/2014

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

FAO report on water pumping devices.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/ah810e12.htm

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