1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A Terrace is a structural SLM practice with a raised flat platform built on the slope to reduce soil loss and runoff on the slope, increase the rainfall infiltration and yield.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

A terrace is a leveled section of a hilly cultivated area, designed as a method of soil conservation to slow or prevent the rapid surface runoff and erosion of topsoil. Often such land is formed into multiple terraces, giving a stepped appearance.

Purpose of the Technology: To change the landform for better agricultural condition of operation of tillage and harvasting, reduction of soil erosion and water loss and finally for higher production.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The building of a terrace in the loess plateau takes long because loess is very soft and deep and the severe soil erosion and shortage of water in agriculture hinders the process, as well. Previously, terraces were constructed by hand. These terraces weres narrow and damaged by the great storms. Now, the machinery is used to build wide terrace with high bank size in the loess plateau. The establishment of terrace needs a lot of money but it is a long-term investment. The maintenance of terrace is considerable economic because the major efforts are the annually improvment of terrace bunds.

Natural / human environment: The soil erosion is very severe because of the cohesionless loess soil and very intensive rainfall storms in the summer and autumn that would destroy the land surface into broken hilly area. Terrace is a kind of measure to resolve it combining with crops. The human activities here is very intensive because they must plant on the slopes that would make the soil erosion greater.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

注释（项目类型等）:

The terrace in this site has been formed since 1994 with machinery. The land is quite wide and large enough for agriculture in the hilly loess region,

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农林业

注释:

Main cash crops: Beans, sunflower, apple, Chinese date, alfalfa
Main food crops: Potato, millets, maize, buckwheat
other crops: vegetable

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil and water losses are alarming in this region. The loose loess, steep slopes, and intensive storms in the summer and autumn, accelerates this process. Aditionally, the lack of rainfall negatively impacts agriculture and vegatation. Sediment deposition could increase the river bed and diminish capacity of reservoirs. On one hand side floods occur frequently because of fast and large runoff and on other hand side sedimentation in rivers reduce their water carring capacity.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The low yield of crops and the low income from land is more important for the local people. It is necessary to improve the agricultural conditions. The land, especially the tableland and gentle slope land could be convert into terrace.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ca: Annual cropping

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: The composation of agriculture is very simple here.

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Hs: change in quantity of surface water, Hw: reduction of the buffering capacity of wetland areas

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (The natural vegetation in this region is grass on theslope and trees on the gully and alluvial land. After the destroy of natural, the soil loss increases greatly.), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (About 70% of annual rainfall is in the summer and autumn. The storm is very intensive.), population pressure (The population density account for 71 capita per square km.)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (The rainfall varies greatly in different year and different seasons. The drought happened frenquently.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.83

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Survey and design	Before construction
2.	Move the topsoil to other place	1st step of construction
3.	Built the platform and bank with soil digged	2nd step of construction
4.	Backcover the topsoil on the surface of platform	3rd step of construction
5.	Check and accept the terrace	After the terrace finished

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Survey and design	Person/day	45.0	8.8	396.0	100.0
劳动力	Building terraces (machine price included)	Person/day	75.0	19.0	1425.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					1821.0
技术建立总成本，美元					2193.98

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.5 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Reinforce the bank	annually
2.	Fill the erosion hole of the landform	annually
3.	Build the edge in some terraces	annually
4.	Reinforce the bank	annually
5.	Fill the erosion hole of the landform	annually
6.	Build the edge in some terraces	annually

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Keep Terraces in shape	Person/day	30.0	8.8	264.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					264.0
技术维护总成本，美元					318.07

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Crawl dozer and small traditional hand tool., crawler tractor, spade

In general condition, slope and soil, in the middle reaches of Yan River Basin. The prices of labour-day and Machine-hour are around 2005.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The terrace on the steep slope need more input for more soil and earth should be moved. It is the most important factor.The soil depth is not so important for the deep soil layer here.The cost of labour increases greatly in the last several years and the cost of construction of terrace increased.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Landforms also: mountain slopes and hill slopes

Slopes on average also very steep

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: There are more than 50% soil particle are fine sand with size between 0.05 and 0.1 mm.

Soil fertility very low: Lack of N, P and SOM.

Topsoil organic matter: The average Top-SOM of cropland is about 0.05%

Soil drainage / infiltration good: The inflitration of Loess is very fast, but it is prone to sealing when flashing.

Soil water storage capacity low: It is easy to evaporation and drainage.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water medium: It is very stable in this region.

Availability of surface water also poor/none: Nearly all the branches of Yanhe are seasonal river.

Ground water table: It depends on the landform. In valley and alluvial land, it is shallow.

Water quality: Good quality for there are few pollution sources.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

It is very stable in this region.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: No clear difference.

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: < 0.5%

80% of the land users are average wealthy (The terrace are build together in some villages for all the people funded by national subsidy.).

Off-farm income specification: The yield of terrace is much high and stable.

Level of mechanization manual work: The harvesting and other management are by hand, even the tillage on the nerrow terrace

Level of mechanization animal traction: Tillage with animal power mostly in the wider terrace.

Market orientation mixed subsistence/ commercial: Some production for themselves, but most of production is exchanged on the market.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

注释:

Like other rural area in China.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	不好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	未知

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

注释:

Loess is very prone to erosion and extreme storms would destory the bank of terrace. In the study site sesonal rainfall increased and the loess terrace could retain more soil water and reduce the runoff.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The yield of terrace is stable and relative higher. The income from terrace is high and the maintain cost is low.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

100 households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

90% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

95 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Most land farmers have some terrace. I do not know the exact number of land user families who adopted the technology.

10% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

5 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: the old narrow terraces, now a very small area left, are build voluntarily.

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Nearly all the people know the benefit of terrace. the benefits of terraces are very good for crops and orchards are high enough in this region.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Increase yield and income. How can they be sustained / enhanced? If the terrace is maintained well, the water condition would be better than that on the slope land even in dry year with low precipitation.
Convenient to till and harvest How can they be sustained / enhanced? Tillage and harvesting is much easier on the plain flat land than on the slope. The maintainance of terrace is important.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reduce soil erosion on the slope. How can they be sustained / enhanced? The loess soil is prone to erosion because of its loose character induced by fine sand content and low soil organic matter. The plain flat makes the dispersion and transportation of soil particls difficult.
Reduce runoff and increase the soil moisture How can they be sustained / enhanced? The runoff generation is smaller on the plain than on the slope. Slow movement of surface water lead to more soil infiltration.
Increase yield. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Water is the limit factor in the loess plateau. The yield would increase if there is enough water available.
Decrease flood risk. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It is a kind of off-site benefits because less runoff generation and gentle process of runoff decrease flooding. Reduction of sediment also diminish flood risk because the drainage capacity of channel and adjusting capacity of reservior increase when sedimentation decrease.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The output is also low in contrast with other industries.	No way to overcome it. The total and net income is too low because the area of terrace per capita is very small.
The income is relative compared with other industries.	No way to overcome it. The net income is low because the labour costs are increasing, and the total income because labour cost and very small area of terrace per capita.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
There is possible damage of terraces because the loess is very loosen and prone to collapse.	Keep upmaintaining the bank and land well.
Decrease runoff of lower stream.	No way to overcome it, but it also could decrease the risk of floods.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Soil and water conservation records of Shaanxi Province. 2000. Shaanxi People's Press, Xi'an City, China

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Library of ISWC, CAS

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

The soil and agriculture of the Loess Plateau. 1989. Zhu Xianmo, Agriculture Press, Beijing City, China

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Library of ISWC, CAS

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Statistical tearbook of Yan'an. 2003. Compiled by Editorial Board of Statistical tearbook of Yan'an

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Library of ISWC, CAS

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Impact of human activities on runoff and sediment change of Yanhe River based on the periods divided by sediment concentration. 2008. WANG Fei , MU Xing-min ,JIAO Ju-ying, LI Rui. Journal of Sediment Research

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://159.226.100.28/asp/Detail.asp

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Changes of soil erosion intensity due to conversion of farmland to forest and grassland in Yanhe River. 2007. BasinWang Bangwen, yang Qinke, Liu Zhihong, Meng Qingxiang, Science of Soil and Water Conservation

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://159.226.100.28/asp/Detail.asp