1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Songliao Water Resources Commission (Songliao Water Resources Commission) - 中国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A Rat tunnel is a kind of subdrainage. It is a drainage duct formed through extrusion or oscillation in soil layer by pulling a mole plough with a tractor. The rat tunnels in a field should be used together with a concealed conduit drainage system in order to safely and quickly drains the water in the rat tunnels and avoid field collapses incurred by poor drainage and washings on the rat tunnels.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Rat tunnels are suitable for the regions with sticky and heavy soil, thick soil layer, and lower infiltration rates, high underground water level and where waterlogs are very likely to happen. By applying the rat tunnels, infiltration can be increased, soil salinization can be prevented without affecting the growth of the crops and occupying croplands. Good effect can be achieved by combining rat tunnels with closed conduits in application. Closed drainage refers to burying the drain pipes underground and letting the underground water flow along the fissures between the pipes and penetrate into the tubes and drained. In a field, if rat tunnels and closed conduits are combined for use, the rat tunnels constitute the first-grade drainage system, the closed conduits constitute the second-grade drainage system; the stagnant water in the plough layer penetrates through the soil and rat fissures and converges into the rat tunnels; While draining the water inside themselves to the outside, the rat tunnels collect the inside stagnant water and guide the water into the closed conduits, through which the water is discharged. In this way, the surface water can be discharged in a relatively thorough way.

Increase of soil infiltration, rapid discharge of direct surface runoffs, prevention of soil salinization.

In building such a project, the closed conduits should be built first, followed by the building of the rat tunnels; the closed conduits should be under the rat tunnels, the included angle between a closed conduit and a rat tunnel should be 90°.
The gap between two neighboring laid closed conduits should be 50m-100m. The burying depth of a closed conduit should be 80cm-90cm, the area around the closed conduit should be evenly laid with a layer of coarse gravels 5-8cm in thickness. After the project on the closed conduits in a field is accomplished, restore the flatness of the field surface, then undertake the operation on the rat tunnels.
In building the rat tunnels, a tractor is directly applied to pull the mole plough in accordance with the designed distances. When the tractor moves forward, the mole plough goes deep into a specified depth(generally 60cm) of soil layer and generates through piercing the soil along the direction of the forward motion of the tractor a tunnel(rat tunnels) whose diameter is equal to bullet diameter and which is in parallel with the ground surface. The separation distance between two neighboring rat tunnels is 1-5m. The service life is generally 2-5 years. If the rate of flow of a field obviously decreases, new rat tunnels should be built by averting the original routes.
After a rainfall, check whether the rat tunnels have collapsed. The service life of the newly laid closed conduits is over 20, however, new rat tunnels should be built every two years.

Rat tunnels are mainly distributed on the Three River Plain, which is the largest marsh distribution area. It has a total population of about 8.625, with the population density being about 79/km2. With the annual average temperature being 1℃-4℃,being warm in summer with the average temperature being over 22℃, having an annual amount of precipitation of 500-600 mm with the rainfall seasons mainly concentrated in the hot seasons from June to August, the Three River Plain is suitable for the growth of crops. The area is affluent in water resources, with the total quantity reaching about 18.764 billion/m3. In this area, the per capita cultivated land area is about 5 times of the average level in China. There are also about 2.52 millions of theropencedrymion distributed in the terrains with low mountains and hills.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): high underground water level, lower infiltration rates,Soil salinization
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): It's hard to drainage excess water. Lower soil fertility

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 引水和排水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Causes of degradation: soil management (Backward management modes), change of seasonal rainfall (The rainy seasons mainly focus on summer), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (The land can't drainge the excess water after downpours), population pressure (Population pressure makes extensive cultivation in this region), land tenure (As the lands are owned by country or by peasant communities, the peasants will not protect their land initiatively.), education, access to knowledge and support services (The channels for the local peasants get knowledge are few, and they will not learn knowledge initiatively.), governance / institutional

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Ren Min Bi

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

6.25

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Layout the line of Closed Conduit	Spring
2.	Laid closed conduits	Spring
3.	Build rat tunnels.The tractor is directly applied to pull the mole plough in accordance with the designed distances.	Spring

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	labour	ha	1.0	64.0	64.0
设备	first machine	ha	1.0	224.0	224.0
设备	second machine	ha	1.0	24.0	24.0
施工材料	corrugated plastic conduit	ha	1.0	640.0	640.0
技术建立所需总成本					952.0
技术建立总成本，美元					152.32

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Build rat tunnels.	every two years

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	second machine	ha	1.0	24.0	24.0
技术维护所需总成本					24.0
技术维护总成本，美元					3.84

注释:

Machinery/ tools: Mole Plough, refer to the photo of technical drawing.
The accounted costs for each hectare are as follows: Depth, diameter and spacing on closed conduit: being 90cm, 8cm and 80m respectively, the closed conduits with a total length of 200m are required for each hectare. 1. Costs of closed conduit laying: Tractor cost is 224$US ; Expense of the conduit materials is 640$US; Labor expense is 64$US. 2. Costs of rat tunnel building: Machinery cost: 24$US/hectare (the operation efficiency: 30 hectare/day). No maintenance cost. However, new rate tunnels should be built with the same costs(24$US) every 2 years. The service life of the closed conduits is over 20 years.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most determinate factors is the cost of corrugated plastic conduit.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users
Population density: 10-50 persons/km2
Annual population growth: < 0.5%
10% of the land users are very rich.
45% of the land users are rich.
35% of the land users are average wealthy.
10% of the land users are poor.
Off-farm income specification: Apart from farming, the main works of the local people involve doing works for others in cities and towns or doing business.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

The lands are owned by country or by peasant communities.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

95% of all households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

This technology only be implemented by farmers, because it's too expensive for peasant to afford it. If farmers implement the technology, the local government will organization peasants to help farmers, the government pay for the wages.
A few of land users will implement the technology without any external material support.
There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Fast drainage of surface water
Prevention of soil salination

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
New rat tunnels should be built every two years

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Complicated in construction, big investment	seeking other substitutes

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Techniques standard for comprehensive control of soil erosion in the black soil region, Author: Shen Bo; Meng Lingqin, Years: 2009

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Internal book