1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Interactive Soil Quality assessment in Europe and China for Agricultural productivity and Environmental Resilience (EU-iSQAPER)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is applied in sub-humid climate with an average of 696 mm of precipitations per year, from which more comes from July to October and less in March and April. Average annual temperature is +4 C, length of the growing period is 180-195 days. The territory is mostly flat, the southern part is hilly with slopes of 6-10%. Average altitude from the sea level is 50 m. About half of the Estonian territory is above 50 m and half is below it. Soils are from very shallow (less than 0.1 m) in the north to very deep (> 120m ) in the south. Soil cover is very variable. In the agricultural area the soils are medium textured with low (< 1%) to high (>5%) organic matter in topsoil. Groundwater is near the surface in wet soils and deep in hilly areas. Biodiversity varies from high to low depending on soil and landscape. Market orientation of production system is mixed and off-farm income is less than 10%. Relative level of wealth is average from individual households to cooperatives. Soil management is mechanized. Land belongs to land users, but is leased also in case of bigger farms (over 100 ha).
The purpose of the technology is to reduce soil disturbance and with that to reduce erosion and leaching, increase carbon storage, water infiltration and biological activity. Only 5-10% of the soil surface is disturbed during sowing. The drilling is made by special machinery and thus no-till farming requires specialized seeding equipment designed to plant seeds into undisturbed crop residues and soil. Drilling depth depends on the specific needs of the culture. If the straw remains on the field, it should be chopped to smaller pieces (25-40 mm). For direct seeding it is good if the previous culture was seeded with wider spacing, for example 25 cm and harvest height is 15-20 cm. New sowing will be done between previous crop rows. The highest investment to this technology is the new drilling machine. At the same time there is no need for special tillage machines. In order to help eliminate weed, pest and disease problems, crop rotations and pesticides are used. The system is not suitable for root crops. The no-till system is suitable for cereal based cropping systems as well as for renewing grasslands. The suitable crop rotation, for exampe, is: winter oilseed rape - winter wheat - pea (or bean) - winter wheat - spring barley undersown with red clover - red clover. The main benefit is the reduced working time, fuel costs and with that the lower net-cost of the product, but also the better soil structure. The adoption of the technology may increase weediness and pests and decrease the yield due to the preliminar soil compaction of upper 10-20 cm soil layer. If the soil surface of the field is not enough levelled out, the uniformity of the depth of the seedlings can suffer. There is also increased use of pesticides to control weeds, pests and diseases compared to minimum and conventional tillage. The technology is most suitable for medium-texture soils.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

• reduce tillage cost

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

注释:

Before implementation of the no-tillage the conventional and/or reduced tillage was used.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 最小的土壤扰动

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EUR

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

1.18

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	New direct seeder

注释:

If you are already active in agriculture, the investment is the new seeder. You also need to have machinery to spread fertilizers and pesticides.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Direct seeder (3m)	piece	1.0	25000.0	25000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					25000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					21186.44

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

It is possible to apply for an investment support up to 50% of the total price (governmental tool till the year 2020).

注释:

The cost of the direct seeder depends on the farmers prefererences regarding the technology. The cheapest direct seeder can be purchased for ca. 25 000 EUR. Better quality of a cross slot seeder that places seeds under the soil (technical drawing and picture) costs ca 200 000 EUR (working width 4.6 m).

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Sowing together with fertilization	before drilling (spring crops in spring (April), winter crops in autumn (August))
2.	Plant protection	in spring 2 weeks before sowing, herbicides, during growth period depending on the needs ca 3 times
3.	Fertilization during growth period	For winter crops in spring after snowmelt in the beginning of growth, for spring crops in the beginning of intensive growth
4.	Harvest and grain transport	At the end of season (end of July to beginning of September depending of the crop)
5.	Drying of grain and soil tillage	after harvest

注释:

The need of plant protection depends on the field conditions. Less pesticides are needed if proper crop rotation with break crops is established and weeds are thus suppressed.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Sowing with fertilization	times	1.0	55.9	55.9	100.0
设备	Plant protection	times	4.0	11.2	44.8	100.0
设备	Fertilization during growth period	times	1.0	16.2	16.2	100.0
设备	Harvest and grain transport	times	1.0	118.4	118.4	100.0
设备	Drying and after harvest activities	times	1.0	132.1	132.1	100.0
植物材料	seeds	kg	200.0	0.28	56.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Ammonium nitrate (2x per season)	kg	147.0	0.84	123.48	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Complex fertilizer (27 kg N, 40 kg P and 112 kg K per ha) (450 kg of fertilizer per ha)	kg	179.0	0.74	132.46	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Herbicides (2 times)	times	2.0	27.0	54.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fungicides (1 time)	times	1.0	33.2	33.2	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Insecticides (1 time)	times	1.0	3.6	3.6	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Retartants	times	1.0	14.0	14.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					784.14
技术维护总成本，美元					664.53

注释:

The labour costs are included to the machinery work costs. On average the labour cost for a driver is 15-18 EUR/ha.
The average machinery work costs to produce 6 t of winter wheat were 432 EUR/ha, 400 EUR/ha and 780 EUR/ha in conventional, minimum and no-tillage, respectively in 2016. Cost of production in this case was 137 EUR/t, 132 EUR/t and 128 EUR/t in conventional, minimum and no-tillage, respectively.
To produce the same amount of spring barley, the cost of machinery was 431 EUR/ha, 411 EUR/ha and 366 EUR/ha in conventional, minimum and no-tillage, respectively. Cost of production in this case was 123 EUR/t, 121 EUR/t and 114 EUR/t in conventional, minimum and no-tillage, respectively. It means that the cost of production is 8-11 EUR less than compared with plough based production.
Fuel cost is ca 50% less than in conventional plough based farming.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Fuel price, labour costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil type: sandy loam Stagnic Luvisol; N 0.12%, Corg 1.15%; C:N 9.97, P 4.35 mg/100g, K 10.19mg/100g, Ca 49.61mg/100g, Mg 12.19mg/100g, pH 6.0

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Soil biodiversity is higher compared to conventional tillage.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知
季节性温度	冬季	增加	未知
季节性温度	春季	增加	未知
年降雨量		增加	未知
季雨量	冬季	增加	未知
季雨量	秋季	增加	未知

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	未知
局地雷暴	未知
局地雹灾	未知
局地雪暴	未知
局地风暴	未知

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
寒潮	未知
极端冬季条件	未知
陆地火灾	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

7% from agricultural land

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

注释:

It is possible to get investment support from the governmental agricultural tools up to 50% from the total cost of equipment.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Decreases work load and time, also fuel consumption, increases income.
Increases soil biological activity, soil organic matter content, better structure and infiltration, decreases erosion.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Decrease of soil organic carbon decomposition, decrease of erosion, increase of soil biological activity.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High preliminary investment (seeder), increase of weediness and pests,	Investment support, better crop rotation.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Higher use of pesticides and therefore risk to soil and water pollution.	Suggestion of changes in crop rotation, cover crops.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Minimeeritud harimine ja otsekülv. 2017. P. Viil. Eesti Taimekasvatuse Instituut. ISBN 978-9949-9742-2-1

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ISBN 978-9949-9742-2-1

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Kattetulu arvestused taime- ja loomakasvatuses 2016. Koost: Marju Aamisepp, Helle Persitski. Maamajanduse infokeskus. 2017.

URL:

http://www.maainfo.ee/data/trykis/kattetulu/KATTETULU2016.pdf

标题/说明:

Statistics Estonia

URL:

https://www.stat.ee/en

标题/说明:

Erinevate viljelusmeetodite ( sh. otsekülv) rakendusteaduslik kompleksuuring. Riikliku programmi “Põllumajanduslikud rakendusuuringud ja arendustegevus aastatel 2009–2014” projekti lõpparuanne. 2015. Eesti Taimekasvatuse Instituut, Eesti Maaülikool, Põllumajandusuuringute keskus.

URL:

http://www.pikk.ee/upload/files/Erinevad_viljelusviisid_pikk_aruanne.pdf

标题/说明:

Minimeeritud harimine ja otsekülv. 2017. P. Viil. Eesti Taimekasvatuse Instituut.

URL:

http://taim.etki.ee/taim/public/pdf/Trukised/Otseklv-minimeeritud-mullaharimine.pdf

标题/说明:

Eesti maaelu arengukava 2014-2020 4. ja 5. prioriteedi meetmete ja 3. prioriteedi loomade heaolu meetme püsihindamisaruanne 2015. aasta kohta ja Lisad 1-30

URL:

http://pmk.agri.ee/mak/avaleht/

标题/说明:

Eesti tuleviku kliimastsenaariumid aastani 2100

URL:

https://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/kliimastsenaariumid_kaur_aruanne_ver190815.pdf