技术

Almond and Apple sapling plantation [伊朗,伊斯兰共和国]

تبدیل دیمزارهای کم بازده (گندم و جو) به باغات سیب و بادام (arab)

technologies_1742 - 伊朗,伊斯兰共和国

完整性: 76%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Majid Soufi

SLM专业人员:

Hasan Ahmadi Shiraz

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Plantation of almond and apple trees on the contour lines instead of annual rainfed crops such as wheat and barley on hills with 8 to 30% slope.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Dejkord village is located in north – west of Fars province and west of Eghlid dis-trict. This village is located on hilly steep land with 390 families. Climate of the village, according to Demarton classification, is situated in the Mediterranean temperate zone. The long-term mean annual temperature is 13.5ºc and long-term mean annual rainfall is 510 mm. The landforms of the study area are generally rolling (with slope 8-16%) and medium mountain ridges (with slope 16-30%). The site study is located between 2000 and 2700m above sea level. The average depth of the soil in this region is 50cm. Dominant top soil textures are sandy loam, loam, and sandy clay loam and are commonly shallow with low amounts of organic matter (usually below1% ). The results of soil analysis showed that silt decreases and sand and clay increase with soil depth. The range of clay, silt, and sand is respectively 16 to 35 %, 9 to 33 %, and 47 to 73%. EC (Soil Electrical con-ductivity) is less than 1(dS/m). The main problems in this area are poverty and soil erosion that reduce crops yield. Ploughing in slope aspect increased soil erosion in this area.
The impact of this technology depends on establish pits on contour line that caused to keep runoff and reduce velocity of rain water and also canopy cover of trees caused to prevent of rain splash and provides adequate soil cover, protect-ing the land from Erosion and roots of trees enhanced infiltration. Otherwise this system increased farmer income rather than before implementation technology.
Watershed Cooperative of Dejkord started its activities since 1998 with 548 mem-ber and covering 8 villages but today this watershed cooperative have 8000 members . In order to build capacity for the watershed resident, the Fars province office of natural resource started to give lands for non – irrigated plantation which are suitable for improving the watershed. The mentioned office gives US$ 800 loan as a very cheap facility against 1 hectare of the land to the members of watershed cooperative, and the time of paying back is 5 years after they get the loan. Nowadays 15000 hectares of those lands are converted to non – irrigated gardens of Almond and Apple trees. Out of 15000 hectares, 10000 include productive Almond garden, and 5000 hectares include Apple garden .As an average, for 1 hectare about 4.5 to 5 kg seed with the value of 1.5 US$ are needed. There are 270 to 300 saplings in 1 hectare and the distance between the saplings is 6 meter. Before the watershed program, the income of resident was US$ 80 per hectare per year, however after the project their income increased to US$ 1000 to 1200.per hectare per year. For maintenance of the project some measure like fertilizing, recession, spraying, cropping and etc will be done.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

伊朗,伊斯兰共和国

区域/州/省:

Fars Province, Iran

有关地点的进一步说明:

Eghlid District, Dejkord Village

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 150 km2.

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1998

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 在实验/研究期间

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地::

具体说明混合土地使用(作物/放牧/树木):
  • 农林业

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 谷类 - 大麦
  • wheat
乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:
  • 仁果类(苹果、梨子、柑橘等)
  • 树坚果(巴西坚果、开心果、核桃、杏仁等)
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): There are several problems in this area, including: land degradation because of inter-rill, rill and gully erosion, lack of income economic resources for stockholders before implementation. income of resident was US$ 80 per hectare per year from annual crops but after the implementation, their income increased to US$ 1000 to 1200, plowing the lands by farmers along with slope in land with more than 10% slope topographical status, soil fertility decline.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
农田

农田

  • 一年一作

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 改良的地面/植被覆盖
  • 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
管理措施

管理措施

  • M1:改变土地使用类型

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
水质恶化

水质恶化

  • Hq:地下水水质下降
注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management, deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing, industrial activities and mining, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), floods, population pressure, poverty / wealth, education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

Fruit trees cultivated on slope (10 - 30%) with a spacing of 6 between.

Location: Dejkord Village. Eghlid District, Fars Province, Iran

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase in soil fertility

Secondary technical functions: control of raindrop splash, control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water

Vegetative measure: Vegetative Measure
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs

Change of land use type: Change from grazing land and annual rainfed crops to tree crops.

作者:

Maryam Rahimi

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Digging Pits carried out by labor on hilly steep land (approximately 270-300 pits per ha) before rainy season
2. Planting of fruit tree seeds (Almond and Apple) by hand spring

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Digging Pits and planting of fruit trees ha 1.0 90.0 90.0 100.0
设备 Machine use ha 1.0 40.0 40.0 100.0
植物材料 Seeds ha 1.0 7.5 7.5 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 137.5
技术建立总成本,美元 137.5

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. Plugging of land with tractor in contrast to the slope.
2. Digging pits at the foot of the tree for water harvesting.
3. Pest management with chemicals. two or three times a year
4. Trees pruning. every year
5. Create a slot for fertilizers/manuring
6. Manuring. after one year
7. Irrigation of new seedlings.
8. Harversting of fruits.
9. Pest control for trees and their fruits.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 All the labour ha 1.0 410.0 410.0 100.0
设备 Machine use ha 1.0 45.0 45.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Compost/manure ha 1.0 70.0 70.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Toxin for pets ha 1.0 45.0 45.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 570.0
技术维护总成本,美元 570.0

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: temperate. Mediterranean

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 粗粒/轻(砂质)
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

表面上

地表水的可用性:

过量

水质(未处理):

良好饮用水

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: Near ground

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

There were many wild birds before, now there are only few.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 混合(生计/商业)
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 贫瘠
个人或集体:
  • 合作社
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: Most farmers depend economically entirely on their own crop production.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,有命名
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)
用水权:
  • 社区(有组织)

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

木材生产

降低
增加

生产故障风险

增加
降低

产品多样性

降低
增加

生产区域

降低
增加
水资源可用性和质量

饮用水的可用性

降低
增加

灌溉用水的可用性

降低
增加

灌溉用水的质量

降低
增加
收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低

农业收入

降低
增加

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良

文化机会

减少
改良

娱乐机会

减少
改良

社区机构

削弱
加强

国家机构

削弱
加强

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

社会经济弱势群体的情况

恶化
改良

livelihood and human well-being

reduced
improved

生态影响

水循环/径流

水量

降低
增加

水质

降低
增加

地表径流

增加
降低

多余水的排放

减少
改良

蒸发

增加
降低
土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良

土壤流失

增加
降低

养分循环/补给

降低
增加

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
生物多样性:植被、动物

生物量/地上C

降低
增加

植物多样性

降低
增加

害虫/疾病控制

降低
增加
减少气候和灾害风险

洪水影响

增加
降低

风速

增加
降低
其它生态影响

competition

increased
decreased

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

下游洪水

增加
减少

地下水/河流污染

增加
减少

风力搬运沉积物

增加
减少

对邻近农田的破坏

增加
减少

wind velocity

improved
reduced

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

注释:

Establishment costs are high in the first year, but after 5 years the system becomes very profitable.

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on adoption trend: At the first stage most of the land users who accepted the technology did so with incentives, but there was no spontaneous adoption.
- The project gives educational assistance, training, technical assistance in the field.
- Spontaneous adoption is growing in neighboring villages.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Different fruit harvested at different periods

How can they be sustained / enhanced? gives better income in 1 year and therefore encourage family members participation
Improved conservation/ erosion knowledge

How can they be sustained / enhanced? This project has caused the resident acceptance and therefore caused to the extension of the technologies to the neighbor region
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Rehabilitation of degraded areas

How can they be sustained / enhanced? reduced soil erosion and increased productivity
Production increase and good fruit yields

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Introduce low input demanding and fast producing tree species and varieties.
Increased food security

How can they be sustained / enhanced? with production and generation of different kind of fruits
Reduction of erosion processes

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve the soil cover through implementation of planted trees
Increased crop production and diversity (fruit, timber)

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Apple and Almond

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Fruit trees consume more water (but they also help in drainage) these trees with consuming water and waste it to transpiration caused to Reduction in stream flow in downstream through lowering the ground water table. Appropriate tree species need to be selected and bred.
Pest and diseases pests on apples reduced the price of products (pets controlled by toxin and natural hunters).

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

模块