1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - 德国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

United Nations Development Program (United Nations Development Program) - 塔吉克斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Fallow land restoration for fodder production is combined with biodiversity conservation of natural steppe vegetation by no-tillage disc-harrowing and seeding of forage grass in low density.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In March a plot of 380 ha twenty years abandoned wheat fields with stable perennial weed stadium, dominated by Artemisia lessingiana was cultivated by shallow disc-harrowing and seeding with A. cristatum. Agropyron cristata is a useful pasture grass, but it is invasive and tends to dominate an area for more than 15 years. For this reason, the seeding was done in half density then usual during Soviet time (10 kg/ha instead or more than 20 kg/ha) to avoid the strong dominance of the fodder grass and to maintain a balance between already established steppe vegetation and fodder grass. By disc-harrowing the dry inflorescens of Artemisia were destroyed and the dominance of this species diminished. This leads to a more species-balanced vegetation, which can provide fodder and hay and reduces the risk of locust mass development.

Purpose of the Technology: The fallow land in Kazakhstan comprises more than 10 million ha. With the climate change the agro-ecological zones will shift northwards, greatly reducing the area of the country in which cereals may be produced. As a result, more fields will be abandoned and the area of fallow land will further increase. After a few years, at most fallows a stable perennial weed stadium dominated by Artemisia lessingiana develops, which is not well eaten by livestock and promotes the mass development of locust.
Plowing and seeding with forage grass Agropyrum cristatum is the common method to minimize the risk of locust mass development and the production of fodder. But the seeding with A. cristatum has negative effects on soil structure and humus content and leads to a permanent vegetation strongly dominated by the forage grass and reduction of biodiversity.
With no-tillage cultivation and seeding in low density the biodiversity of steppe vegetation will remain and enriched with forage grass for utilization.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The cultivation was carried out in March 2010 by the farmer and his staff and his own machinery. The project provided the costs for seeds and fuel. After 1,5 years, in September 2011 the results were evaluated by botanists, project staff and the farmer. The field shows a balanced vegetation structure of natural steppe vegetation and sown forage grass with a moderate dominance of grass. The goal was fully achieved.

Natural / human environment: The technology of plowing and seeding with forage grass is well known by all local stakeholders, including the farmer. The adaptation to use no-tillage cultivation and half density of seeding was introduced by the project staff and is based on the results of an other project.
The farmer was ready to try the new technology on his farmland and provided land, machinery and staff. Other farmers, local and regional authorities, and the Ministry of Agriculture were interested in the results, which were published and used in other areas.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 保持/提高生物多样性

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

注释:

Grass species: Agropyrum cristatum

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): At most fallow lands a stable perennial weed stadium dominated by Artemisia lessingiana develops, which is not well eaten by livestock, does not allow hay production and promotes the mass development of locust.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Fallow land is bad pasture, does not allow the production of hay and has the risk for mass development of locust. Thus, improvement of vegetation species composition of fallows for the use as pasture, fodder and hay production and minimizing the risk of locust mass development is very important.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Gi: Intensive grazing/ fodder production

Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 最小的土壤扰动

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of agronomic measures: rotations / fallows, zero tillage / no-till

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips *³

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (decades of wheat production and abandoned because of low production)

Secondary causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall, inputs and infrastructure: (roads, markets, distribution of water points, other, …), education, access to knowledge and support services

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	disc-harrowing, seeding	March
2.	Purchase of seeds
3.	Delivery of seeds
4.	Repairing machinery, work

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Repairing machinery, work	ha	1.0	2546.0	2546.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	6311.0	6311.0	3.0
植物材料	Purchase of seeds	tons	4.5	3733.3333	16800.0
植物材料	Seeds	kg	10.0	6.8	68.0	11.0
其它	Delivery of seeds	all seeds	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
其它	Diesel Fuel	for delivery	1.0	3.0	3.0	3.0
技术建立所需总成本					25928.0
技术建立总成本，美元					25928.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Costs are calculated per hectare.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

purchase of seeds

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州
• 公司

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 租赁

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	未知
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	未知

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Technology was adopted by Ministry of Agriculture and is widely used in variations throughout the country.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Good pasture quality and fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Monitoring of pasture quality and fodder production over the next years
Prevention of locust mass development How can they be sustained / enhanced? Observation of locust development at sample plot

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Good compromise between production of fodder and conservation of natural steppe vegetation How can they be sustained / enhanced? Monitoring of species composition and growth rate over the next years to prove ecological stability

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Using old technology (plowing and seeding with full density) would create a monoculture of grass which is more useful as fodder then a mixed vegetation	The seeding density could be increased while no-tillage cultivation is used

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
There is only little influence on the species composition	Controlled burning of dry Artemisia inflorescens before disc-harrowing would promote grass species and avoid Artemisia dominance.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

„Kazakh Model for Sustainable Pasture Use“, Almaty 2011, Sadyk et al.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

UNDP Kazakhstan, Ministry of Agriculture Kzakhstan