技术

Resoiling (Pit with manure) [菲律宾]

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更新： 06/13/2019 2:09 p.m.
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technologies_1575 - 菲律宾

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完整性： 65%

1. 一般信息

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Replacing the sand in the planting hole with soil for the proper nourishment of newly planted trees and for better moisture retention and storage.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The technology is used in two contrasting geological environment: 1) sand dunes formed through the action of wind, and 2) lahar flows caused by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo volcano in 1991. Lahars are the pyroclastic materials deposited in the lowland through the action of water, usually several meters in thickness. Both landscape have the same characteristics: some climatic type characterized by long dry season (7 months), high silica content, high erodibility and low water holding capacity, hence, droughty. The total annual rainfall is about 2,000 mm which occur from May to October. Sand dunes and crop establishment (mango) is done by digging a hole usually 1 x 1 x 1 meter. The sand is replaced by true soil mixed with organic fertilizer. Planting is done at the onset of the rainy season, usually June. Frequent fertilization is done. Manual irrigation is necessary during the dry season. The fruit tree crops suitable in the area are mango and cashew. Afforestations species include Casuarina equisentifolia and Acacia auricoliformis. Gliricidia sepium which is a very valuable fuelwood thrives well also. Grasses particularly Sacharum spontaneum can spontaneously colorize the area, especially that of lahar.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

菲律宾

区域/州/省:

Ilocos Norte; Pampanga and Tarlac

有关地点的进一步说明:

Ilocos Norte; Pampanga

具体说明该技术的分布:

均匀地分布在一个区域

如果技术均匀分布在一个区域，则指定覆盖的区域（单位为平方千米）:

3.0

如果不知道精确的区域，请注明大致覆盖的区域:

1-10 平方千米

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3 km2.

The technology was used in two contrasting environments: sand dunes and lahar flows caused by the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo volcano in 1991. Both have almost similar characteristics, however- high content of Si, low fertility and very droughty. The technology is a land reclamation measure.

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

在实验/研究期间

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology has been practiced for generations under various environmental conditions, usually in fertile-poor areas.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

乔木与灌木的种植

每年的生长季节数:

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 240Longest growing period from month to month: May - DecSecond longest growing period in days: 210Second longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Nov

牧场

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): High erosion hazard by wind and water, very low soil fertility and water holding capacity (droughty).

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): High fertilizer and water requirement.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

植物措施

注释:

Main measures: agronomic measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀

土壤风蚀

Et：表土流失

化学性土壤退化

Cn：肥力下降和有机质含量下降（非侵蚀所致）

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase in soil fertility

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Vegetative measure: Aligned
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 144
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 8
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 8

Vegetative measure: Aligned Mango
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 100
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 10
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 10
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 10

Vegetative measure: Aligned Cashew
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Casuarina equisetifolia

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mango, Cashew

Grass species: Native grasses

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Peso

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

50.0

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

3.00

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Digging of holes	beginning of rainy season
2.	Hauling of fill materials (for resoiling)	beginning of rainy season
3.	Transplanting of fruit tree seedlings	beginning of rainy season

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Fertilization	every 6 months from planting /
2.	Watering	weekly during dry season /

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Machinery/ tools: iron bar, spade, sprayers, pail, bolo

The calculation was based on 100 mango plants per hectare. The items considered were seedling cost, fertilizer and labor for hole digging, hauling of filling materials, planting and maintenance cost for watering and fertilizat

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Soil texture is the most crucial factor affecting costs. High labor is required in hauling filling materials to replace the sand in the planting hole. Also because of low water holding capacity, the plants have to be watered at least once a week during the dry season.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量

< 250毫米
251-500毫米
501-750毫米
751-1,000毫米
1,001-1,500毫米
1,501-2,000毫米
2,001-3,000毫米
3,001-4,000毫米
> 4,000毫米

农业气候带

半湿润
半干旱

Thermal climate class: tropics

5.2 地形

平均坡度:

水平（0-2%）
缓降（3-5%）
平缓（6-10%）
滚坡（11-15%）
崎岖（16-30%）
陡峭（31-60%）
非常陡峭（>60%）

地形:

高原/平原
山脊
山坡
山地斜坡
麓坡
谷底

垂直分布带:

0-100 m a.s.l.
101-500 m a.s.l.
501-1,000 m a.s.l.
1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
> 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:

非常浅（0-20厘米）
浅（21-50厘米）
中等深度（51-80厘米）
深（81-120厘米）
非常深（> 120厘米）

土壤质地（表土）:

粗粒/轻（砂质）

表土有机质:

低（<1%）

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:

生计（自给）
商业/市场

非农收入:

收入的10-50%

相对财富水平:

平均水平
丰富

机械化水平:

手工作业
机械化/电动

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5% of the land users are very rich and own 5% of the land.
10% of the land users are rich and own 10% of the land.
60% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 10% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Carpentry, trading and working in other farms

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

< 0.5 公顷
0.5-1 公顷
1-2 公顷
2-5公顷
5-15公顷
15-50公顷
50-100公顷
100-500公顷
500-1,000公顷
1,000-10,000公顷
> 10,000公顷

注释:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: 0.5-1 ha, 1-2 ha, 2-5 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

州
个人，有命名

土地使用权:

社区（有组织）
租赁

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低

增加

饲料生产

降低

增加

饲料质量

降低

增加

木材生产

降低

增加

收入和成本

农业收入

降低

增加

社会文化影响

冲突缓解

恶化

改良

生态影响

土壤

土壤覆盖层

减少

改良

减少气候和灾害风险

风速

增加

降低

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

旱季稳定可靠的水流

减少

增加

下游洪水

增加

减少

下游淤积

增加

降低

地下水/河流污染

增加

减少

风力搬运沉积物

增加

减少

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？