1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

World Vision (World Vision) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

16/09/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

It is a very sustainable technology as it promotes the natural regeneration of highly degraded areas.

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a proven SLM Technology to restore degraded wasteland and improve depleted farmland. The farmer regulates and facilitates the re-growth of existing trees stumps or self-sown seeds in the soil and thus promotes an increased soil fertility and water availability compared to cleared and cleaned up arable land.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Conventional afforestation and tree planting requires a lot of inputs, labour and care including suitable seedlings, transport and regular watering while the survival rate in arid and semi-arid climates is often very poor1. Whereas Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) is a cheap and effective way to restore and improve even huge areas of degraded and depleted soils. The technology relies on the fact that even in deforested areas; soils still contain active roots and seeds of native woody plants. Selectively promoted, leaving only a few main shoots, they grow stronger and into real trees within a few years. This rapid technology has been successfully applied by World Vision in eight African countries including Kenya and Ethiopia2 and is now also being applied in Indonesia, East Timor and Latin America.
Apart from labour and a farmer’s knife, there are no major inputs required. The farmers like this technology as it is cheap and can be easily combined with other SLM technologies such as permaculture, inter-cropping, mulching and agro-forestry. At the same time it is very scalable, even a small plot of less the 1 ha or a whole hill can be re-vegetated within a short period. And the impact will be very positively on the soil, ecology, climate and health of crops, people and livestock. The farmer can use the prunings as firewood, and grow fodder below the trees; the tree branches and leaves can serve for mulching and the flowers as bee pasture, the fruits for consumption and sale. The trees break the winds and their shade protects sensible crops from the sun. The soil’s water retention capacity, structure, biology and fertility will improve. All effects contribute to soil, water and climate stabilization. One limitation might be the use of tractors and big land machinery, which is still mostly negligible for smallholder farmers.

Some practical steps for establishing a FNMR site
1) jointly agree on a target area (be it a field or "communal wasteland")
2) check out the area carefully for wooden plants (trees, bushes, mini-trees)
3) mark the bushes or trees that should be grown into bigger trees
(it is recommended consulting local/scientific knowledge on the trees species and its benefits, also if it carries thorns or poison?)
4) protect the whole area (fencing, life fence) or only the chosen trees against grazing and human disturbance
5) When the plants reach a height of 1 m start with pruning, only keep the 2-3 main shots, use the surplus branches for fire wood or mulching
6) Watering is in most cases not required as the indigenous trees have enough roots for self-supply
7) the specific cultivation and management practice depends on the trees species selected and the desired results (intercropping with maize, shade trees for coffee, fodder trees for livestock, flower trees for bees etc.)
8) fire and livestock are the main threats for a new FMNR site

1 Cao, S: Have large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve the desertification problem in Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 1826-1831
2 http://fmnrhub.com.au/projects

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was introduced by World Vision through a public funded project on climate protection and natural resource management. It received the “Total Kenya Eco Challenge Award” in 2016. The introduction was done through the following steps. The project staff were trained on the concept after which they trained Government staff in forestry, education and agriculture department including chiefs and assistant chief who were to turn out to be the entry point/ ambassadors for the concept. Intense trainings, awareness campaigns, practical demonstrations, consultative meetings and observations were conducted. Till now more than 300 hectares of degraded land was reclaimed through FMNR and over 1000 farmers adopted the practice already.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

• this technology brings a lot of positive effects on the environment (more water, more carbon and nutrients in the soil, better micro climate etc.) > bullet point 4: other technologies could be contour farming, agroforestry, water harvesting)

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Since only indigenous species are promoted the normal rainfall should be sufficient for their growth.

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

There is no planting required but protection of FMNR plots. The shrubs grow best in the rainy season.

牲畜密度（如相关）:

Livestock is one of the main threads to the technology. It a very important to keep livestock out of the FMNR areas either by using live fences or mesh wire fences.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 农业林学
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

There are many more project sites facilitated through World Vision in Kenya where this technology is being applied e.g. in Baringo (Wema, Mogotio) and Samburu (Poro).

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

There is also an aspect of management change (M2): allowing the native trees to grow, pruning of upcoming bushes, mulching with tree branches, felling of trees when desired etc.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

FMNR contributes to less soil erosion, more organic matter and more diversified habitats (leading to increased agro-biodiversity).

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

FMNR contributes to less land degradation and is an ideal technology to restore severely degraded areas.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The technical drawing above shows four typical stages of an indiginous tree in a FMNR site:
1) a suppressed shrub, very damaged by roaming animals or human interference
2) if this small shrub experience protection it will regenerate and grow many new branches
3) as soon as a bush has reached a height of 1 m the farmer can start with pruning keeping only a few major branches. This will help the tree to grow high and the farmer can yield branches and leaves for fire wood and mulching. Depending on the growth rate, pruning can be done 1-2 times a year.
4) A mature tree produces also fruits that can be harvested. As only major branches remain enough sunlight will reach the ground to allow the cultivation of crops or gras production.

Slope and spacing can varry a lot as FMNR is designed to be extremely flexible, giving farmers considerable freedom of individual choice on how to meet their own specific needs, using the free materials at hand (species mix), responding to the specific climate, soils, crop mix, and their own understanding, at the time of implementation. FMNR is being introduced into many different contexts where the environment and species mix, the specific land use (crop land, pasture or forest) and farmer needs, vary from region to region and even from farm to farm.

To date, FMNR has been successfully practiced in a variety of locally adapted ways such as:
- By individual farmers on their own land
- By communities on communal lands and in degraded forests
- By leaving very few trees (10 - 20 / ha), or by leaving very many (150 trees/ ha).
- By focusing on tree species predominantly used to provide firewood and building poles, or on species that have nutritious leaves that feed families or animals. Some use trees that fix nitrogen and can therefore increase the soil fertility for crops.
- Leaving a single stem to grow from a stump (and harvesting when larger), or by leaving multiple stems,
successively harvesting one each year.
- Allowing a single stem to grow into a permanent tree, and then harvesting 1/2 to 1/3rd of the branches per
year (such as pollarding). Pollarding provides larger wood harvests and more rapid re-growth.
- Allowing tree re-growth only on farm borders. The trees are allowed to grow close to each other and are
pruned high up the trunk. As need arises whole trees are harvested and re-growth is allowed to replace
the tree that was harvested.
- Leaving only trees, which are growing approximately in straight lines and moving self-sown seedlings and replanting them within these lines. Within the rows the trees are grown as bushes which are slashed to
ground level during the rainy season, except for single stems that are allowed to grow about every 12
meters. This is done to avoid interference with ploughing and because soil infertility is a major issue,
addressed by mulching with pruned branches.

A fully elaborated Project Model on FMNR is available: http://www.wvi.org/development/publication/farmer-managed-natural-regeneration

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

KES

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

100.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Community meeting	其它措施	all year
2.	Land mapping (slope, gullies, coverage, ownership)	结构性的	ideally after harvesting the crops, best time for transects
3.	Plot inspection (to identify and mark potential bushes)	植物性的	ideally after harvesting the crops, best time for transects
4.	Plot protection (fencing against livestock)	结构性的	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
5.	alternatively: Protection measures of single bushes	结构性的	ideally after harvesting, best time for transects, before planting
6.	Weeding/ clearance of surplus bushes/ vegetation	农业学的	all year, during vegetation period
7.	normal farming activities within the FMNR site	农业学的	after harvesting the crops
8.	Integrating beekeeping and or fodder harvesting	农业学的	all year, during vegetative period
9.	Thinning or harvesting of fuel wood	管理	As per need, dependant on the farmer, all year round

注释:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果可能，按下表分列技术建立费用，并列明各项投入和每项投入的费用。如果您无法分解成本，给出建立该技术的总成本估算。:

32600.0

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	plot protection - fencing/ ha	person-days	30.0	400.0	12000.0	100.0
劳动力	tree protection - first pruning/ ha	person-days	10.0	400.0	4000.0	100.0
设备	farmer's knife	piece	2.0	150.0	300.0	100.0
设备	machete	piece	2.0	500.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	rake	piece	2.0	500.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	hand hoe	piece	2.0	450.0	900.0	100.0
植物材料	leather gloves	pair	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	100.0
植物材料	strong gumboots	pair	2.0	2000.0	4000.0	100.0
植物材料	axe	piece	2.0	700.0	1400.0	100.0
植物材料	life fence seeds/ thorns of shrubs / ha	seedlings	1200.0	5.0	6000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	n/a
施工材料	n/a
其它	n/a
技术建立所需总成本					32600.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

注释:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Pruning of target bushes and trees	植物性的	during vegetation period, ideally in the dry season
2.	tree felling	植物性的	after vegetation period, after harvesting the crops
3.	Harvesting of grass in FMNR sites not on crops	植物性的	During and after rainny season

注释:

Ideally, FMNR activities are not interfering too much with the normal farming activities except for mulching or compost making wherefore small tree branches can be used for firewood. In places where FMNR is applied to gain timber, branches and firewood in a sustainable way, it has supported to raise more income for households allowing them to meet their basic needs including school fees, medical bills etc.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果可能，按下表分解技术维护费用，并列明各项投入和每项投入的费用。如果您无法分解成本，给出维护该技术的总成本估算。:

14600.0

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Yearly Pruning of target bushes and trees /ha	person-days	6.0	400.0	2400.0	100.0
劳动力	tree felling of selected trees/ ha	person-days	4.0	400.0	1600.0	100.0
设备	farmer's knife	piece	2.0	150.0	300.0	100.0
设备	machete	piece	2.0	500.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	rake	piece	2.0	500.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	hand hoe	piece	2.0	450.0	900.0	100.0
植物材料	leather gloves	pair	2.0	1000.0	2000.0	100.0
植物材料	strong gumboots	pair	2.0	2000.0	4000.0	100.0
植物材料	axe	piece	2.0	700.0	1400.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					14600.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The farmer harvest wood and non-wood products like honey and grass. Often FMNR is combined with agriculture or animal husbandry. As the crop yield increases the farmer can invest in more equipment and tools.

注释:

Some of the costs incurred were covered by WV during inception of the project model of FMNR especially for the demonstration plots but the costs on household level are covered by the farmers themselves. Normal farm equipment is being used to establish the sites. The farmer needs some gloves und gumboots and the time for the additional works. Also some time is needed to be invested for training to get equipped with the required knowledge and skills. Live fence plants or throns from shrubs are normally collected/ taken from the pruned Acacia branches.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Size of the FMNR site and the density and age of trees. Important precondition is fencing off the sites/ protection of trees against livestock. Most of the equipment needed is part of the normal agricultural tool set.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The data above was provided by Divisional Agriculture officer in Lambwe.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

High amounts of sodium ions makes the water often saline.

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

The water quality of surface water is poor and sometimes only suitable for livestock. Though due to few safe water sources, the households often have to use the surface run off for domestic use.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The biodiversity is still higher than expected in comparison to the degree of degradation of the landscape. This might relate to the proximity of the Lake Victoria with its rich fish- and avifauna and Ruma National Park.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

All the above groups participate in the roll-out of the technology. It is relatively new and many are excited about the benefits. Elderly and children (youth and child headed households) need more time do the same work and adopt the technology less enthusiastically. Though Elderly are often key drivers of the technology as they best understand the degree of deforestation and water insecurity and the interlinkages.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

有关影响评估的意见:

Detailed research has not been carried out on the impact of the technology to provide scientific evidence. However, soil testing is being done and a study on the biodiversity is being conducted.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
其他渐变气候	micro climate (moisture, less wind & erosion, reduced temperature)	增加	非常好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好
森林火灾	不好
陆地火灾	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	适度

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	好

注释:

A baseline survey captures also aspects of environmental degradation.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

FMNR is a low cost technology and brings a good return on investment. Slightly more land is required and mechanisation can become more difficult. Farmers are very optimistic of the long- term results of FMNR since the need for wood is high. Locals have started looking at having trees on farm as an equal investment opportunity compared to crops.

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

Over 1000 households reached through training and confirmed practising.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

Most of the adopters start the practice after getting basic training and some of them just through observation of model sites.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
FMNR is appropriate for both male and female of productive ages though at the introduction depending on nature and size of the farm, men are more advantaged due to labour intensive. However for land with no trees just starting up, it can be easily managed by both sexes. It is also a form of exercise for the aging people thus improving on healthy lifestyle.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会

FMNR can be done by anyone/everyone in a household as long as the drive and understanding of the concept is embraced. This includes people with special needs. It is cheap, efficient and refreshing plus satisfying since results are evident in short while. Tree planting survival rate has been low in the recent times following unreliable rainfall, external threats e.g livestock, pests and diseases thus FMNR is the solution to restoring the degraded ecosystems. Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage but since the concept brings income, even external labor is sourced. So the women don't fear getting on with the technology.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Safety of the farmers during management (thick thorny bushes) and habitat it creates for wild life that could be threats to man e.g snakes, monkeys eat all their crops as birds feed on the seeds too.	Monkeys can be kept out by thorney hedges, birds by mirrors and cats.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Women may find the actual management difficult at some stage and quite labour intensive.	Since the technology brings income even external labor can be sourced.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration Enhances Rural Livelihoods in Dryland West Africa, Weston, Peter, Reaksmey Hong, Carolyn Kaboré & Christian A. Kull, Environmental Management Volume 55, Issue 6, pp 1402–1417,2015, ISBN 0364-152X00267-015-0469-1

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Springer, USD 35

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Re-greening the Sahel: farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger, Reij, C.; Tappan, G.; Smale, M., in Millions fed : proven successes in agricultural development, 2009, ISBN 9780896296619

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

International Food Policy Research Institute, USD ?

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration Hub

URL:

http://fmnrhub.com.au/

标题/说明:

Scaling up Regreening: Six steps to success, A practical approach to forest and Landscape Restoration, World Resources Institute, 2015, ISBN 978-1-56973-861-0

URL:

https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/scaling-regreening-six-steps-success.pdf

标题/说明:

In Kenya, Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration is a remedy to Climate Change

URL:

http://www.landscapes.org/kenya-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-remedy-climate-change/

标题/说明:

Australian High Commissioner Visits Environmental Restoration Project in Baringo County

URL:

http://kenya.embassy.gov.au/nair/fmnr.html

标题/说明:

ICRAF and World Vision facilitate Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration training in Uganda

URL:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/news/icraf-and-world-vision-wv-facilitate-farmer-managed-natural-regeneration-fmnr-training-uganda

标题/说明:

Renew The Land - FMNR in Timor-Leste

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ub2K8QGy8k0

标题/说明:

FMNR at the International Permaculture Conference (Sept 2011) in Amman, Jordan

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm_qlyvdZ_A

标题/说明:

Proven successes in agricultural development: Increasing the Number of On-Farm Trees in Niger

URL:

http://www.ifpri.org/publication/millions-fed

标题/说明:

Afrikas Waldmacher (ZDF heute-journal vom 2.9.2016) German video

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgdcbxE-OQo

标题/说明:

FMNR regreening projects in East Africa

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElfgcWCmops