1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

European Interreg project FABulous Farmers

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) - 英国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Create strips with flowering plants in the margins of arable fields.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the Hoeksche Waard area (Netherlands), field margin strips between 2 and 20 meters wide have been sown in the margins of arable or vegetable crop fields with a mixture of native flowering plant species, with plant species targeted to encourage certain target insect abundances. A mixture of annual flowers are sown in spring (April or May), or perennial plant mixtures (flowers and grasses) sown also in spring, or prefernetially in late summer (September). Annual flower strips produce flowers mostly in summer, whereas perennial strips produce mostly flowers in the following spring and following years.

The purpose of flower strips is to support the natural pest control and pollination by native insect species for reduced disease and increased production. Many flying natural enemies of pests require pollen and/or nectar in the adult stage for survival and reproduction, needing food on a regular basis, so must be in short range from the crop fields, i.e. in the margin of or within the field. Pollinators also need food when the crop is not flowering in order to build up a local population.

For the implementation of field margin strips to be successful, knowledge of the plant species mixtures was requried to know what would grow well in this semi-humid, deep heavy soil, agricultural environment, as well as growing well together with the right characteristics to support the target insect groups. For example, most natural enemies have small mouth parts and can only feed on nectar from shallow flowers, thus require a specific seed mix (<2 cm deep, see Van Rijn & Wäckers, Journal of Applied Ecology 2016). Here, the species were selected for their ability to support natural enemies of aphids (such as hoverflies) or wild bees, especially bumblebees. The first group includes flowers with accessible nectar (< 2 cm deep) such as Apiaceae, buckwheat, cornflower, and Asteraceae with shallow florets. The second group includes red clover, lotus and other Fabaceae, as well as Asteraceae with deeper florets (such as sunflowers). Perennial mixtures are generally supplemented with annual flowers (cornflowers and poppies) that already produce flowers the first year, as well as (slow growing) grass species (Festuca) to make the strips more robust when incidentally used as tractor paths.

Additionally for implementation, knowledge on how to effectivly use the seed sowing machines, with special care required for preparing the seed bed in advance, to prevent segregation of bigger and smaller seed in the machine, and for sowing the seeds not to deep and the field margin strips should be maintained for a number of years to allow for a local build up of beneficial insect populations. Another considertation is the farming practise and the surrounding landscape as it should provide other resources needed by the insect population, such as hibernation habitat and bee nesting sites or additional (prey and flower providing) habitats for other generations of natural enemies.

The benefits are multiple. The reduced need to use insecticides, especially against aphids, increases the capacity for pollination and reduces the need to manage honeybees, although regular scouting of pest and natural enimies in the adjacent crop field is required to ensure benefits. The strip acts as a buffer to reduce the drift of fertilisers and pesticides into adjacent ditches and water courses. And, there is a social benefit with an increased appreciaiton of the arable landscape by citizens enjoying the mosaic of flowers and crops in the landscape.

The technology overall has been a great success, yet does have a small number of draw backs to be aware of and manage effectivly. Weeds usually occur in the year of sowing and there can be some dislike of the rough nature of the vegetation compared to crop fields. To help manage these challenges field margin strips are sometimes mown while still flowering, ideally mowing is done only once a year and at the end of the growing season (September).

The compilation of this SLM is a part of the European Interreg project FABulous Farmers which aims to reduce the reliance on external inputs by encouraging the use of methods and interventions that increase the farm’s Functional AgroBiodiversity (FAB). Visit www.fabulousfarmers.eu and www.nweurope.eu/Fabulous-Farmers for more information.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2005

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

• support natural pest control and improve natural pollination by native insect species

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 病虫害综合管理（包括有机农业）

• herbaceous field margin strips

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Applying field margin strips for pest control and improved biodiversity

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Euro

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.89

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Creating seed bed using shallow plough to invert weeds and provide bare soil surface o sow seed	1 month before sowing
2.	Fertiliser application (as required)	Just before or with sowing
3.	Sowing seed. Annual flowers are typically sown in rows (30 cm apart), allowing for mechanical weed control (once or twice) in between the rows. Perennial strips are broadcast sown (at a density of 18 kg/ha) and not weeded.	April/May or September
4.	Weeding using machinery (of annual strips)	1 month after sowing
5.	Mowing using machenery	1 month after sowing
6.	Ploughing (when strips are removed or resown)	after mowing

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Farm worker	person-days	2.5	100.0	250.0	100.0
设备	Tractor	machine-days	2.5	50.0	125.0	100.0
设备	Sowing machine	machine-days	0.75	50.0	37.5	100.0
设备	Plough	machine-days	1.5	50.0	75.0	100.0
设备	Mower	machine-days	0.75	50.0	37.5	100.0
植物材料	Seed mix	kg	18.0	40.0	720.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	kg	100.0	2.0	200.0
技术建立所需总成本					1445.0
技术建立总成本，美元					1623.6

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Mowing	Once per year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Farm worker	person-days	0.75	100.0	75.0	100.0
设备	Tractor	machine-days	0.75	50.0	37.5	100.0
设备	Mower	machine-days	0.75	50.0	37.5	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					150.0
技术维护总成本，美元					168.54

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Seed mixture choice can vary in price and weed control can be challenging

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

land use rights are traded

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	非常好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Evaluation based on no subsidies; with subsidies the returns are balanced or slightly positive.

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

changing CAP subsidy regulations

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

CAP subsidy regulations are financial supports for land management, changes since technology implementation have supported the use of flower margin strips making the implementaiton more favorable. More general information on CAP can be found here: https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/key-policies/common-agricultural-policy/cap-glance_en#documents

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Use of land difficult for agricultural practices can be used
Community building when implemented across an area, connecting farmers together and connection to the public who appreciate more flowers in thier landscape

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
New habitat for wildlife, including pollinators and natural pest controls: increased numbers of flowering plants increased numbers of bees, hoverflies and natural enemies
Multifunctionality of flower margins makes them more cost effective; e.g. flower margins close to ditches increases macrofauna diversity in waters
Bufferzone for surface water pollution
Recreational (human health) benefits

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Additional work & costs sowing and maintaining the flower margins compared to leaving the areas unused	Community effort of the Hoeksche Waard reduces individual efforts

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Without subsidy the implementation costs can be prohibitive	Ensure subsidies available for continued sustainable land use.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Research on field margins by the University of Amsterdam

URL:

https://ibed.uva.nl/content/news/2019/02/importance-of-flower-strips-in-arable-fields.html?1570545036515