1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Missenyi District Council (Missenyi District Council) - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - 坦桑尼亚联合共和国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Is the spread of dry Hyperrhamia rufa across the slope combined with manures, Calcium Ammonia Nitrate and Triple Supper Phosphate in maize production.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The spread of dry Hyperrhamia rufa 15cm thickness across the slope combined with manures, TSP and CAN in maize production technology is applied on annual cropland for reduced declining soil fertility, reduced soil erosion and improved soil moisture content in the sustainable land agro-ecosystem management. The activities to implement the technology includes to slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles , to cultivate the land using hand hoes, to measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes, to mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands, to spread grass mulch using hands, to plant maize seeds using hand hoes, to apply CAN at week four after planting using hands, to weed the whole field using hands, to apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip, closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores and to harvest and trush using hands

This technology is applied on annual cropland using agronomic measures in the sub humid climatic zone. The slope category of that land is gentle, characterized of loam sandy soil textures with medium soil depth.

The technology is applied by Individual / household, Small scale land users, common / average land users, men and women. The Land ownership is individual, not titled and Land use rights is individual as well. Water use rights is open access (unorganized).
The relative level of wealth categorized as, rich, which represents 20% of the land users and own 32% of the total area. Average, which represents 64% of the land users and own 64% of the total area. Poor, which represents 20% of the land users and own 4% of the total area.
The technology was introduced in 2012 by TAMP -Kagera using FFS in the community integrated catchment approach.
To implement the technology it was calculated to be US$ 57.059 for establishment and US$ 1,923.36 maintenance costs.

Purpose of the Technology: The major purpose of the technology is to prevent loss of top soil, to improve soil fertility decline and reduced organic matter content on the annual cropland with a sustainable land management to improve community livelihood.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: This technology has no establishment activities as a common phenomena for all Agronomic measures. The maintenance activities of the technology includes; To slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles in Late August, To cultivate the land using hand hoes in Earl September, To measure spacing, demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes in earl September, To mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm deep hole using hands in mid september, To spread dry Hyperrhamia rufa using hands mid September, To plant maize seeds using hand hoes Late September, To apply CAN at week four after planting using hands in mid October, To weed the whole field twice using hands in early November and early February , To apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the top openleaf to control maize stock-bores, To harvest and trash maize cobs using hands in Late February redy for marketing in late May.
To perform the maintenance activities the following inputs required; Labour, tools, seeds, fertilizer, biocides and compost/manure. All inputs can cost a total of US$ ...........0 per hector per season.
The dry Hyperrhamia rufa mulch in the Zea maize pure stand complemented withi cow dung, TSP and CAN introduce in April 2012 by TAMP -Kagera in the Butulage catchment.

Natural / human environment: This technology is applied on the cropland type in the subhumid. The landform of this catchment is plain and footslpoes with gentle slope. It is obvious that, the land is prone to sheath erosion, soil fertility decline and reduced organic matter content. However, the cause of these types of land degradation includes direct (human and natural) and indirect (land use supporting system). The technology is tolerant of seasonal rainfall decrease and drought or dry spell climatic extremes. On another hand the technology is sensitive to foods where excess water will lodge and damage the maize roots.

The land ownership is individual not titled and catergorised in small scale farmers who practiced mixed production mode. The wealth of the people applying this technology can be categorized as poor, average and rich according to land ownership. The poor repents 20% of land users and own 4% of the cropland area. The average category represents 64% of the land users and own 64% of the cropland area. The rich category represents 20% of cropland users and own 32% of the cropland.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

TAMP -Kagera in collaboration with Bukoba District council facilitated a group of FFS members to combat the land degradation problems identified and solutions prioritised by introducing the Grass mulch with manure, TSP AND CAN Technology in April 2012.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Without the land conservation there will be declining soil fertility, excessive drought, sheath erosion and plant moisture stresses.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Declining soil fertility, moisture stress and maize stock-bores.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Type of agronomic measures: early planting, mulching, manure / compost / residues, mineral (inorganic) fertilizers

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Continous land tillage i.e. cultivation is done at every planting season), change of seasonal rainfall (Rain seasons are unpredictable now days.), droughts (The area experiences irregular droughts.), population pressure (Increased population density has rendered all productive area to occuppied, therefore people were forced to use marginal land for crop production.), labour availability (Hired labour is very cheap to cultivate in marginal land.)

Secondary causes of degradation: education, access to knowledge and support services (Low and ineffective primary education provided, Inadequety agriculture advisory staffing)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Tshs

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

1700.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	handhoes
2.	machete
3.	sickles
4.	tape measures

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
设备	Handhoes	pieces	16.0	2.94	47.04	100.0
设备	Machete	pieces	16.0	1.17625	18.82	100.0
设备	Sickles	pieces	16.0	0.47	7.52	100.0
设备	tape measures	pieces	1.0	11.76	11.76
技术建立所需总成本					85.14
技术建立总成本，美元					0.05

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	To slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles	late august
2.	To cultivate the land using hand hoes	early september
3.	To measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes.	Early September
4.	To mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands.	Mid September
5.	To spread grass mulch using hands.	Mid September
6.	To plant maize seeds using hand hoes.	Late September
7.	To apply CAN at week four after planting using hands.	Mid October
8.	To weed the whole field using hands.	Early Nov & Early Jan
9.	To apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores.	Mid November
10.	To harvest and trush using hands	February

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Slush bushes and cut grasses using sickles	person/days	20.0	1.7645	35.29	100.0
劳动力	Cultivate the land using hand hoes	person/days	66.0	1.78	117.48
劳动力	Measure spacing demarcate and dig holes using hand hoes	person/days	4.0	1.7	6.8
劳动力	Labour: Harvest and trush using hands	person/days	225.0	1.7647	397.06
设备	Polythene bags	pieces	10.0	0.588	5.88
植物材料	Grass mulch	bundles	1500.0	0.29412	441.18
植物材料	Seeds	kg	25.0	2.9412	73.53
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	kg	185.0	0.97	179.45
肥料和杀菌剂	Mixture of ashes and pepper	tons	18.518	0.14688	2.72
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost/manure	tons	18.518	29.412	544.65
其它	Labour: Mix manure, soils and TSP in a 5cm depth hole using hands.	person/days	12.0	1.7	20.4
其它	Labour: Spread grass mulch using hands.	person/days	15.0	1.76	26.4
其它	Labour: Plant maize seeds using hand hoes	person/days	4.0	1.7	6.8
其它	Labour: Apply CAN at week four after planting using hands.	person/days	8.0	1.7	13.6
其它	Labour: Weed the whole field using hands	person/days	6.0	2.353	14.12
其它	Labour: Apply a mixture of ashes and pepper on the tip closed tip leaf to control maize stock-bores.	person/days	4.0	1.7	6.8
技术维护所需总成本					1892.16
技术维护总成本，美元					1.11

注释:

The above costs were calculated for population plants per ha of land protected in the sense that all maize plants were planted, fertilized and mulched.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most determinate factor is light labor (US$ 641.53).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Availability of surface water: Medium (The entire catchment borders Lake Ikimba)
Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (no tape water and rain water reserve facilities)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Earthwors, ants, cockroaches and different weed spps are found.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Relative level of wealth: rich, average, poor

20% of the land users are rich and own 32% of the land.
64% of the land users are average wealthy and own 64% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 4% of the land.
Market orientation: Mixed (Excess are for sale)
Level of mechanization: Manual work (Large part of cropland is occuppied with pereneal crops)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	未知

注释:

The Grass mulch with manure and fertilizers has been modified with topical application of domestic made biocide to protect maize plants from stock-bores infestation

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The short term returns is slightly positive (sales of maize) compared with establishment costs (US$ 85.18) while the long term returns is not applicable in this case.
The short term returns is slightly positive (increased sales of maize) compared with maintenance costs < US$ 1,476.30 (decreasing labour,mulch)

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

26 households and 100% of the area covered

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

注释:

23% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: 3 host farmers during FFS implementation were provided with grass mulch, manures, TSP and CAN to be applied the the technical sites.

77% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
13 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: 10 farmers adopted the technology either through participating in FFS or from their numbers in thier field with average area of 0.75ha.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: 10 household participated in FFS already have implemented the technology using their own resources.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
It has opportunity of free grass mulch harvested from communal land.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
There is cumulative effects of soil organic matters as a major component of land conservation.
The technology is best appropriate for market oriented commodities.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High costs of manures and mulch discouraged to choose the technology wherever future prospective is.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Increased farm inputs costs in agronomic measures tends to reduce benefits in the first instants.

7.1 信息的方法/来源